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. 2022 Oct 5;17(3):487–502. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2023.17.3.487

Table 7. Logistic regression analysis of annual drinkers who are daily smokers and salty taste preferences.

Variables Ever-drinkers who are daily smokers, OR (95% CI)
Usual salt intake level Very unsalty Unsalty Normal Salty Very salty
Unadjusted model1) 1 (ref) 1.37*** (1.30–1.44) 2.03*** (1.93–2.13) 4.50*** (4.27–4.74) 7.77*** (7.06–8.55)
Fully adjusted model2) 1 (ref) 1.53*** (1.39–1.68) 2.10*** (1.92–2.29) 4.68*** (4.27–5.13) 11.67*** (9.80–13.90)
Adding salt or soy sauce at the table Never added Rarely added Often added Always added -
Unadjusted model1) 1 (ref) 1.23*** (1.21–1.25) 2.30*** (2.21–2.39) 3.24*** (2.88–3.65) -
Fully adjusted model2) 1 (ref) 1.06** (1.02–1.10) 2.03*** (1.89–2.18) 3.56*** (2.86–4.45) -
Dipping the soy sauce when eating fried food Never dipped Occasionally dipped Always dipped - -
Unadjusted model1) 1 (ref) 2.72*** (2.67–2.77) 7.24*** (7.07–7.41) - -
Fully adjusted model2) 1 (ref) 1.80*** (1.74–1.85) 3.79*** (3.64–3.94) - -

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

1)Unadjusted = crude odds ratios are calculated from logistic regression models; 2)Fully adj = multivariable adjusted odds ratios are from logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, BMI, education, family income, marital status, and smoking.

***P < 0.001.