Table 3. Parents’ health beliefs on the eating behaviors of preschool children (n = 248).
| Health beliefs | Total (n = 248) | Education levels of parents | Monthly income (won) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | High school | College or university | Graduate school | F-value (P-value) | ≤ 2,999,999 | 3,000,000–3,999,999 | 4,000,000–4,999,999 | ≥ 5,000,000 | F-value (P-value) | ||
| Perceived severity (PSE)1) | 3.85 ± 0.68 | 3.86 ± 0.70 | 3.84 ± 0.67 | 3.93 ± 0.74 | 0.176 (0.839) | 3.67 ± 0.70 | 3.80 ± 0.74 | 3.89 ± 0.67 | 3.93 ± 0.64 | 1.469 (0.224) | |
| PSE 1 | 3.96 ± 0.77 | 3.95 ± 0.62 | 3.96 ± 0.79 | 3.96 ± 0.76 | 0.003 (0.997) | 3.71 ± 0.83 | 3.96 ± 0.81 | 3.96 ± 0.78 | 4.06 ± 0.71 | 1.654 (0.178) | |
| PSE 2 | 3.69 ± 0.84 | 3.63 ± 0.90 | 3.67 ± 0.83 | 3.85 ± 0.91 | 0.582 (0.559) | 3.49 ± 0.89 | 3.64 ± 0.90 | 3.69 ± 0.83 | 3.80 ± 0.79 | 1.260 (0.289) | |
| PSE 3 | 3.91 ± 0.81 | 4.00 ± 0.82 | 3.90 ± 0.79 | 3.96 ± 0.90 | 0.206 (0.814) | 3.80 ± 0.87 | 3.79 ± 0.89 | 4.01 ± 0.77 | 3.94 ± 0.76 | 1.048 (0.372) | |
| Perceived benefit (PBE)2) | 4.37 ± 0.56 | 4.21 ± 0.50 | 4.37 ± 0.58 | 4.46 ± 0.47 | 1.090 (0.338) | 4.24 ± 0.57a | 4.23 ± 0.51a | 4.52 ± 0.58b | 4.38 ± 0.54ab | 3.522 (0.016)* | |
| PBE 1 | 4.35 ± 0.63 | 4.26 ± 0.45 | 4.36 ± 0.63 | 4.37 ± 0.69 | 0.222 (0.801) | 4.20 ± 0.68a | 4.21 ± 0.50a | 4.50 ± 0.69b | 4.38 ± 0.60ab | 3.161 (0.025)* | |
| PBE 2 | 4.39 ± 0.63 | 4.16 ± 0.69 | 4.40 ± 0.64 | 4.48 ± 0.51 | 1.575 (0.209) | 4.29 ± 0.67 | 4.28 ± 0.60 | 4.51 ± 0.60 | 4.38 ± 0.65 | 1.781 (0.151) | |
| PBE 3 | 4.37 ± 0.65 | 4.21 ± 0.71 | 4.36 ± 0.66 | 4.52 ± 0.58 | 1.279 (0.280) | 4.23 ± 0.69a | 4.21 ± 0.66a | 4.54 ± 0.69b | 4.37 ± 0.58ab | 3.410 (0.018)* | |
| Perceived barrier (PBA)3) | 3.15 ± 0.99 | 3.44 ± 0.92 | 3.15 ± 1.00 | 2.98 ± 0.95 | 1.218 (0.298) | 3.12 ± 0.95 | 3.01 ± 1.05 | 3.33 ± 0.92 | 3.10 ± 1.03 | 1.258 (0.290) | |
| PBA 1 | 3.21 ± 1.08 | 3.53 ± 1.02 | 3.20 ± 1.11 | 3.07 ± 0.87 | 1.033 (0.357) | 3.00 ± 0.97 | 3.02 ± 1.12 | 3.38 ± 1.11 | 3.28 ± 1.06 | 1.728 (0.162) | |
| PBA 2 | 3.01 ± 1.15 | 3.37 ± 1.07 | 3.01 ± 1.16 | 2.78 ± 1.12 | 1.486 (0.228) | 3.31 ± 1.11 | 2.94 ± 1.17 | 3.09 ± 1.11 | 2.86 ± 1.17 | 1.511 (0.212) | |
| PBA 3 | 3.24 ± 1.14 | 3.42 ± 1.12 | 3.24 ± 1.15 | 3.07 ± 1.14 | 0.520 (0.595) | 3.06 ± 1.19 | 3.08 ± 1.14 | 3.53 ± 1.02 | 3.16 ± 1.20 | 2.388 (0.070) | |
| Self-efficacy (SEF)4) | 3.81 ± 0.63 | 3.75 ± 0.56 | 3.80 ± 0.64 | 3.93 ± 0.62 | 0.538 (0.585) | 3.66 ± 0.59 | 3.79 ± 0.61 | 3.78 ± 0.69 | 3.91 ± 0.61 | 1.538 (0.205) | |
| SEF 1 | 3.74 ± 0.71 | 3.68 ± 0.58 | 3.72 ± 0.72 | 3.93 ± 0.68 | 1.052 (0.351) | 3.54 ± 0.56a | 3.68 ± 0.67ab | 3.69 ± 0.81ab | 3.91 ± 0.66b | 2.824 (0.039)* | |
| SEF 2 | 3.77 ± 0.66 | 3.74 ± 0.56 | 3.76 ± 0.67 | 3.93 ± 0.62 | 0.810 (0.446) | 3.69 ± 0.68 | 3.72 ± 0.69 | 3.80 ± 0.64 | 3.83 ± 0.65 | 0.545 (0.652) | |
| SEF 3 | 3.79 ± 0.73 | 3.79 ± 0.79 | 3.78 ± 0.73 | 3.85 ± 0.72 | 0.108 (0.898) | 3.57 ± 0.70 | 3.81 ± 0.74 | 3.76 ± 0.76 | 3.90 ± 0.70 | 1.731 (0.161) | |
All measurement items were scored on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree). Values are presented as mean ± SD.
1) PSE 1: I feel guilty if my child does not eat the right diet and develops an illness; PSE 2: I am afraid that if my child does not eat the right diet, they will get sick; PSE 3: I am worried that if my child does not eat the right diet, growth retardation or advanced puberty may occur.
2)PBE 1: I think that a proper diet will help my child’s physical health; PBE 2: I think that a proper diet will help improve the immunity of my child; PBE 3: I think that eating right will help my child grow.
3)PBA 1: I am burdened by the time it takes to provide my children with regular, healthy meals; PBA 2: I provide healthy meals to my children, but the cost is burdensome; PBA 3: The process of providing regular, healthy meals to my children is tiring.
4)SEF 1: I can consistently provide my child with a well-balanced diet and snacks; SEF 2: I can continue to practice the right diet for the growth of my children; SEF 3: I know how to eat right and can continue to help my child’s healthy growth and development.