Figure 4.

Net benefit of the prediction models. Net benefit allows to evaluate the clinical implication of the model in predicting mortality outcome. A threshold of 20% risk for mortality is considered significant for altering decisions regarding treatment strategies and patient’s categorization (Stage C vs. Stage D heart failure). All models give a significant net benefit with random forest being the least beneficial. The straight yellow line denotes the benefit of a model that predicts mortality for all patients. LR, logistic regression; NN, neuron network; RF, random forest; XGboost, extreme gradient boosting trees; Cox, Cox regression; Ensemble, ensemble model using LR-L1, Cox, xgboost and NN.