Table 1.
Backgroud clinical characteristics of patients at development and validation cohorts
| Variable | Value | Development | Validation | Missing |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of patients | 8520 | 2348 | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, (years) | 74.4 ± 12.1 | 74.3 ± 12.4 | 0 | |
| Gender (female) | 49.4% (4209) | 48.1% (1129) | ||
| BMI, Kg/m^2 | 29.9 ± 6.4 | 29.8 ± 6.4 | 8832 | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Chronic renal failure (n) | 33.4% (2843) | 28.2% (662) | 0 | |
| Valvular heart disease (n) | 13.8% (1176) | 12.9% (303) | 0 | |
| AKI, % (n) | 18.39% (1567) | 21.97% (516) | ||
| Diabetes | ||||
| COPD | 52.6% (4483) | 54.6% (1282) | 0 | |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 13.5% (1148) | 15.1% (354) | 0 | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 22.3% (1899) | 18.9% (443) | 0 | |
| 41.7% (3556) | 41.8% (981) | 0 | ||
| Smoking | not smoking | 74.2% (6323) | 70.4% (1654) | |
| past smoker | 14.8% (1257) | 14.5% (341) | ||
| active smoker | 11.0% (940) | 15.0% (353) | ||
| Clinical parameters | ||||
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | Mean | 68.6 ± 9.6 | 69.1 ± 9.6 | 2281 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | Mean | 131.2 ± 22.0 | 131.3 ± 19.5 | 2281 |
| MAP, mmHg | Mean | 89.5 ± 11.6 | 89.9 ± 11.3 | 2281 |
| body temperature, celsius | First | 37.1 ± 10.3 | 36.7 ± 0.4 | 2309 |
| Estimated LVEF | Mean | 44.3 ± 47.3 | 44.2 ± 19.5 | 6000 |
| Lab tests | ||||
| Albumin, g/dL | 3.3 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.5 | 3672 | |
| BNP, ng/mL | First | 1313.8 ± 1124.3 | 1112.3 ± 1011.4 | 5941 |
| Last | 1306.1 ± 1118.6 | 1112.3 ± 1012.6 | 5941 | |
| BUN, mg/dL | Mean | 36.0 ± 20.2 | 36.5 ± 21.0 | 2472 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | Mean | 1.7 ± 1.1 | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 2473 |
| RDW (%) | First | 15.7 ± 1.9 | 16.1 ± 2.3 | 3496 |
| Sodium, mmol/L | ||||
| Mean | 138.3 ± 3.5 | 138.1 ± 3.7 | 2469 | |
| Haemoglobin, g/dL | First | 11.6 ± 1.9 | 11.5 ± 2.0 | 2504 |
| Last | 11.5 ± 1.8 | 11.4 ± 1.9 | 2498 | |
| Troponin, ng/mL | First | 0.2 (1.5) | 0.2 (1.1) | 4088 |
| HCT (%) | First | 35.3 (5.7) | 35.1 (5.9) | 2502 |
| Medical therapy | ||||
| β-blockers (n) | Background | 64.8% (5518) | 78.7% (1849) | 0 |
| In hospital | 61.7% (5255) | 88.4% (2075) | 0 | |
| Discharge | 65.2% (5554) | 83.3% (1955) | 0 | |
| ACE inhibitors (n) | Background | 60% (5114) | 66.3% (1557) | 0 |
| Angiotensin receptor blocker, % (n) | In hospital | 41.2% (3509) | 49.6% (1165) | 0 |
| In hospital | 15.5% (1322) | 22.8% (536) | 0 | |
| In hospital | 17.9% (1522) | 27.3% (642) | 0 | |
| MRA, % (n) | ||||
| Furosemide, % (n) | Background | 59.19% (5043) | 68.44% (1607) | 0 |
| Target | ||||
| 1-year mortality, % (n) | 30% (2552) | 31.3% (736) | 0 |
AKI, acute kidney injury; BMI, body mass index; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; HCT-Hematocrit, MAP, mean arterial pressure, MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; RDW, red cell distribution width.