Table 1.
Effect of diets on haematologic and serologic profiles of piglets.
| Ctrl | UL | ULR | ULU | SEM | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Haematology | ||||||
| White blood cells (× 109/L) | 15.3a | 19.4b | 18.0ab | 17.6ab | 0.440 | 0.004 |
| Granulocytes (%) | 48.0a | 41.7b | 48.4a | 44.2ab | 0.898 | 0.009 |
| Lymphocytes (%) | 48.2a | 53.3b | 48.0a | 52.8ab | 0.802 | 0.010 |
| Monocytes (%) | 2.60 | 3.50 | 2.80 | 2.67 | 0.227 | 0.480 |
| Red blood cells (× 1012/L) | 6.26 | 6.80 | 6.92 | 6.60 | 0.103 | 0.137 |
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.8 | 12.4 | 11.7 | 12.0 | 0.159 | 0.416 |
| Thrombocytes (× 109/L) | 406 | 447 | 387 | 412 | 19.3 | 0.765 |
| Serum metabolites | ||||||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 123 | 117 | 123 | 120 | 1.60 | 0.502 |
| Insulin (µU/mL) | < 0.4 | < 0.4 | < 0.4 | < 0.4 | – | – |
| HOMA-IR3 (mmol/L × µU/mL) | 0.121 | 0.124 | 0.121 | 0.119 | 0.001 | 0.618 |
| Urea (mg/dL) | 6.70a | 8.40a | 7.20a | 11.2b | 0.439 | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.703ab | 0.634a | 0.707ab | 0.739b | 0.014 | 0.049 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 66.0a | 62.0a | 54.0b | 72.9c | 1.33 | < 0.001 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 37.1a | 33.5a | 24.5b | 34.4a | 0.932 | < 0.001 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 27.8a | 26.6a | 25.9a | 33.0b | 0.535 | < 0.001 |
| VLDL-cholesterol1 (mg/dL) | 6.88a | 6.04b | 5.82b | 7.00a | 0.133 | < 0.001 |
| Total lipids2 (mg/dL) | 316a | 304b | 287c | 331d | 2.90 | < 0.001 |
| TAG (mg/dL) | 34.4a | 30.2b | 29.1b | 35.0a | 0.665 | < 0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.16 | 3.13 | 2.95 | 2.98 | 0.048 | 0.324 |
| Total protein (g/dL) | 4.47a | 4.55a | 4.12b | 4.13b | 0.043 | < 0.001 |
| Hepatic markers | ||||||
| ALT (U/L) | 30.6 | 26.8 | 33.6 | 29.8 | 1.17 | 0.237 |
| AST (U/L) | 36.9ab | 35.4a | 43.8b | 34.5a | 1.06 | 0.004 |
| GGT (U/L) | 21.3ac | 31.2b | 17.8a | 27.6c | 1.27 | < 0.001 |
| ALP (U/L) | 335a | 202b | 245bc | 274c | 10.4 | < 0.001 |
| Immunoglobulins | ||||||
| IgA (mg/dL) | < 4.0 | < 4.0 | < 4.0 | < 4.0 | – | – |
| IgG (mg/dL) | 91.9a | 132b | 101ab | 111ab | 4.78 | 0.015 |
| IgM (mg/dL) | 26.6ab | 25.0a | 30.4b | 29.5ab | 0.695 | 0.015 |
| Hormones and inflammation markers | ||||||
| Cortisol (µg/dL) | 2.27a | 1.95a | 1.01b | 0.924b | 0.142 | < 0.001 |
| IGF-1 (µg/L) | 191a | 152bc | 133c | 171ab | 5.21 | < 0.001 |
| IL-10 (pg/mL) | 14.7a | 21.2b | 24.4b | 29.4c | 1.03 | < 0.001 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | < 0.03 | < 0.03 | < 0.03 | < 0.03 | – | – |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | < 1.5 | < 1.5 | < 1.5 | < 1.5 | – | – |
| ApoA1 (mg/dL) | < 3.0 | < 3.0 | < 3.0 | < 3.0 | – | – |
| Electrolytes | ||||||
| Na+ (mEq/L) | 144 | 143 | 144 | 142 | 0.328 | 0.460 |
| K+ (mEq/L) | 6.50a | 6.78a | 7.46b | 6.60a | 0.094 | < 0.001 |
| Cl− (mEq/L) | 98.7a | 101ab | 102b | 98.9a | 0 | 0.017 |
| Redox markers | ||||||
| TAC (µM) | 113 | 97.1 | 100 | 102 | 2.18 | 0.053 |
| GPx (U/L) | 490 | 567 | 526 | 612 | 25.5 | 0.378 |
aVLDL-cholesterol = 1/5 (TAG).
bTotal lipids = (total cholesterol) × 1.12 + (TAG) × 1.33 + 1.48.
cHOMA-IR, insulin resistance index = [fasting serum glucose] × [fasting serum insulin]/22.5.
Ctrl—control diet; UL—control + 7% Ulva lactuca; ULR—UL + 0.005% Rovabio® Excel AP; ULU—UL + 0.01% ulvan lyase; TAG—triacylglycerols; HDL—high-density lipoprotein; LDL—low density lipoprotein; VLDL—very low density lipoprotein; ALT—alanine aminotransferase; ALP—alkaline phosphatase; AST- aspartate aminotransferase; GGT—gamma-glutamyltransferase; IGF-1—insulin growth factor 1; IL-10—interleukin 10; IL-6—interleukin 6; IgA—immunoglobulin A; IgG—immunoglobulin G; IgM—immunoglobulin M; ApoA1—apolipoprotein A1. SEM—standard error of the mean. Values with different superscripts are significantly different at P < 0.05.