Table 5.
Main ingredients and composition of diets in fatty acids, pigments and minerals.
| U. lactuca | Ctrl | UL | ULR | ULU | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ingredients (g/kg) | |||||
| Wheat | – | 437 | 407 | 406.95 | 406.9 |
| Maize | – | 150 | 140 | 140 | 140 |
| Soybean meal 44 | – | 250 | 233.1 | 233.1 | 233.1 |
| Sweet whey powder | – | 100 | 93.4 | 93.4 | 93.4 |
| Sunflower oil | – | 30 | 28.5 | 28.5 | 28.5 |
| Ulva lactuca | – | 0 | 70 | 70 | 70 |
| L-Lysine | – | 5 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 |
| DL-Methionine | – | 1 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
| L-Threonine | – | 1 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
| Calcium carbonate | – | 5 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 |
| Dicalcium phosphate | – | 13 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 |
| Sodium chloride | – | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Vitamin-mineral premixa | – | 5 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 |
| Rovabio® Excel AP | – | 0 | 0 | 0.05 | 0 |
| Ulvan lyase | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 |
| Chemical composition (% of DM)b | |||||
| Crude protein | 28.2 | 18.0 | 18.3 | 18.7 | 18.6 |
| Ether extract | 2.9 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.7 | 5.3 |
| Amino acid content (g/kg)c | |||||
| Lysine | 7.8 | 14.0 | 13.9 | 13.9 | 13.9 |
| Methionine + Cysteine | 5.8 | 7.0 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.9 |
| Tryptophan | 1.0 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 |
| Threonine | 2.8 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 |
| Metabolizable energy (cal/g)c | – | 3305 | – | – | – |
| Fatty acid profile (% of total fatty acids) | |||||
| 14:0 | 0.608 | 0.384 | 0.434 | 0.387 | 0.409 |
| 16:0 | 33.6 | 10.8 | 12.0 | 11.5 | 11.5 |
| 16:1c9 | 4.17 | 0.163 | 0.270 | 0.273 | 0.289 |
| 17:0 | 0.580 | 0.088 | 0.077 | 0.081 | 0.076 |
| 17:1c9 | 0.958 | 0.049 | 0.052 | 0.052 | 0.047 |
| 18:0 | 1.26 | 3.62 | 3.52 | 3.50 | 3.52 |
| 18:1c9 | 14.9 | 26.0 | 25.0 | 25.8 | 25.4 |
| 18:2n-6 | 6.14 | 55.2 | 52.7 | 52.8 | 53.1 |
| 18:3n-3 | 17.3 | 1.32 | 1.91 | 1.72 | 1.72 |
| 18:4n-3 | 12.8 | 0.000 | 0.619 | 0.599 | 0.578 |
| 20:0 | 0.344 | 0.320 | 0.336 | 0.329 | 0.323 |
| 22:0 | 1.54 | 0.638 | 0.637 | 0.645 | 0.627 |
| Diterpene profile (µg/g) | |||||
| α-Tocopherol | 79.3 | 52.4 | 46.8 | 47.3 | 51.0 |
| β-Tocopherol | n.d | 1.01 | 0.992 | 0.839 | 0.849 |
| γ-Tocopherol + β-tocotrienol | n.d | 2.39 | 2.38 | 1.93 | 1.94 |
| δ-Tocopherol | n.d | 0.522 | 0.508 | 0.457 | 0.487 |
| γ-Tocotrienol | n.d | 1.63 | 1.68 | 1.34 | 1.42 |
| Pigments (µg/g) | |||||
| β-Carotene | 170 | 0.441 | 14.5 | 16.7 | 15.2 |
| Chlorophyll-a | 2311 | 3.86 | 239 | 238 | 247 |
| Chlorophyll-b | 1666 | 5.80 | 166 | 167 | 170 |
| Total Carotenoids | 510 | 1.91 | 43 | 43 | 45 |
| Macrominerals (mg/kg) | |||||
| Calcium | 6202 | 14,661 | 14,966 | 15,017 | 14,011 |
| Potassium | 38,822 | 10,967 | 14,206 | 13,946 | 14,431 |
| Magnesium | 25,889 | 1456 | 4186 | 3980 | 4018 |
| Sodium | 52,133 | 4082 | 7486 | 7212 | 7618 |
| Phosphorous | 2786 | 8722 | 8876 | 9340 | 8638 |
| Sulphur | 49,265 | 2998 | 8906 | 8323 | 8720 |
| Microminerals (mg/kg) | |||||
| Copper | 3.73 | 256 | 240 | 258 | 227 |
| Iron | 537 | 265 | 258 | 294 | 253 |
| Manganese | 39.0 | 142 | 129 | 145 | 145 |
| Zinc | 8.96 | 257 | 261 | 256 | 281 |
| Iodine | 45.1 | 1.45 | 5.88 | 7.12 | 5.66 |
| Bromine | 694 | 11.7 | 77.3 | 86.3 | 81.8 |
Ctrl—control diet; UL—control + 7% Ulva lactuca; ULR—UL + 0.005% Rovabio® Excel AP; ULU—UL + 0.01% ulvan lyase.
aVitamin and trace mineral supplied per kilogram of diet—Vit. A: 25 000 IU; Vit. D3: 2000 IU; Vit. E: 20 IU; Vit C: 200 mg; Vit. B1: 1.5 mg; Vit. B2: 5 mg; Vit. B3: 30 mg, Vit. B5: 15 mg; Vit. B6: 2.5 mg; Vit. B9: 0.5 mg; Vit. B12: 0.03 mg; Vit. K3: 1 mg; Vit. H2: 80 mg; choline (chloride): 300 mg; I: 1 mg as potassium iodate; Mn: 50 mg as manganese (oxide); Fe: 120 mg as ferrous carbonate; Zn: 140 mg as zinc (oxide); Cu: 160 mg as copper sulphate; Se: 0.3 mg as sodium selenite; Co: 0.5 mg as cobalt carbonate.
bDetermined as previously reported by Ribeiro et al.5.
cCalculated from reference values: Ulva lactuca52, remaining feedstuffs53.