Table I.

Clinical characteristics of reported cases

Case #/Gender/Age	Drugs endorsed	UDS results	Xylazine confirmation∗	Wound directed treatment	Complications	Number of presentations February 2022-February 2023	Cumulative days in ED or hospital February 2022-February 2023
1/F/28	Benzodiazepines, cocaine, fentanyl, xylazine	Benzodiazepines, cocaine, fentanyl, norfentanyl	Not collected	Antibiotics, wound care	None	1	10
2/M/32	Cocaine, fentanyl	Cocaine metabolites, fentanyl, norfentanyl, oxycodone, opiates	Positive	Antibiotics, wound care	Abscess, bacteremia, endocarditis, empyema, septic emboli, osteomyelitis	5	89
3/M/51	Fentanyl, heroin	Fentanyl, norfentanyl, hydromorphone, oxycodone, oxymorphone, opiates	Not collected	Surgical debridement, antibiotics, wound care	MRSA bacteremia, myositis, osteomyelitis	1	22
4/F/36	Benzodiazepines, cocaine, fentanyl	Amphetamines, methamphetamines, benzodiazepines, benzoylecgonine, cocaine metabolites, fentanyl, norfentanyl, morphine, opiates	Positive	Surgical debridement, antibiotics, wound care	Abscess, bacteremia	25	56
5/M/36	Cocaine, fentanyl, xylazine	Benzoylecgonine, cocaine metabolites fentanyl, norfentanyl, hydromorphone, oxycodone, oxymorphone, opiates	Positive	Antibiotics, wound care	Bacteremia, osteomyelitis	34	100
6/TGF†/39	Cocaine, fentanyl, xylazine	Benzoylecgonine, cocaine metabolites, fentanyl, norfentanyl, hydromorphone, oxycodone, oxymorphone, methadone, opiates	Positive	Antibiotics, wound care	None	2	14

ED, Emergency department; UDS, urine drug screen; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

^∗Xylazine confirmation screen is a urine gas-chromotography mass-spectrometry test developed by and used internally at the University of Pennsylvania Health System.

^†Transgender female individual born biological male.