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. 2023 May 31;13:8803. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-36074-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Subject averaged responses to breath holding. (A) Comparison of the measured blood flow responses to the 30 s breath hold. The relative change in flow in the long separation measurements is seen to be slightly lower than the change observed at the short separation, which has been previously observed⁴². (B) Comparison of relative changes in blood pressure and heart rate, respectively in response to the 30 s breath hold. A progressive increase in blood pressure was observed throughout the breath holding period, while the heart rate remains relatively constant.