. 2023 Mar 27;38(6):643–656. doi: 10.1007/s10654-023-00981-x

Table 5.

Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) according to the joint association of self-reported chronotype and sleep duration in UK Biobank

		Morning chronotype	Evening chronotype
UK Biobank (n = 302 456)	AMI events/ Person-years	1 141/ 539 398	2 689/ 1 540 774	376/ 149 766	653/ 304 623	1 676/ 905 117	298/ 108 694
Model 1	1.21 (1.12, 1.29)	Ref.	1.28 (1.15, 1.42)	1.37 (1.26, 1.49)	1.13 (1.06, 1.20)	1.46 (1.29, 1.64)
Model 2	1.10 (1.03, 1.18)	Ref.	1.14 (1.03, 1.27)	1.18 (1.08, 1.29)	1.08 (1.02, 1.15)	1.21 (1.07, 1.37)
Model 3	1.09 (1.02, 1.17)	Ref.	1.12 (1.00, 1.24)	1.16 (1.06, 1.27)	1.07 (1.01, 1.14)	1.15 (1.01, 1.29)

Morning chronotype

Evening chronotype

Sleep duration

Short

Normal

Long

Short

Normal

Long

UK Biobank (n = 302 456)

AMI events/

Person-years

1 141/

539 398

2 689/

1 540 774

376/

149 766

653/

304 623

1 676/

905 117

298/

108 694

Model 1

1.21

(1.12, 1.29)

Ref.

1.28

(1.15, 1.42)

1.37

(1.26, 1.49)

1.13

(1.06, 1.20)

1.46

(1.29, 1.64)

Model 2

1.10

(1.03, 1.18)

Ref.

1.14

(1.03, 1.27)

1.18

(1.08, 1.29)

1.08

(1.02, 1.15)

1.21

(1.07, 1.37)

Model 3

1.09

(1.02, 1.17)

Ref.

1.12

(1.00, 1.24)

1.16

(1.06, 1.27)

1.07

(1.01, 1.14)

1.15

(1.01, 1.29)

Model 1, adjusted for age and gender

Model 2, adjusted for covariates in Model 1, along with marital status, alcohol intake frequency, smoking status, body mass index, physical activity, education, Townsend deprivation index, ethnicity, shift work, and employment status

Model 3, adjusted for covariates in Model 2, along with systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol level, blood glucose level, time since last meal, use of sleep medication(s), depression, and anxiety