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. 2023 May 8;38(6):669–687. doi: 10.1007/s10654-023-01012-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — The associations of diet quality and a ‘Whole grains, soft fats and dairy’ dietary pattern at eight years-of-age with surface area in children. LH, left hemisphere; RH, right hemisphere. Model 1 was adjusted for child sex and age when brain imaging was assessed. Model 2 was additionally adjusted for maternal education, household income, child ethnic background, maternal diet quality during pregnancy, smoking during pregnancy, alcohol use during pregnancy, folic acid use, maternal psychopathological symptoms, and BMI measured at the age of 10 years. Colored clusters represent regions of the brain that were positively associated with diet quality (A) or a ‘Whole grains, soft fats and dairy’ dietary pattern (B) that remained after the cluster-wise correction for multiple comparisons (p < 0.001)