Table 3.

Advantages and disadvantages of different nanoparticles used in LFIAs.

Nanoparticles	Advantages	Disadvantages	References
Gold nanoparticles	Easy to prepare and functionalize, good biocompatibility, low cost, easy-to-read results, detectable with the naked eye	Low sensitivity, requires reader for quantification	[[41], [42], [43]]
Carbon nanoparticles	High signal-to-noise ratio, stable, functional, non-toxic	Qualitative or semi-quantitative, background interference	[44,45]
Colloidal selenium nanoparticles	Rust-colored, easy to prepare and handle	Difficult to discern the results with the naked eye	[46]
Quantum dots	High optical stability, wide absorption spectrum, narrow emission band, strong stability and high sensitivity	Easily quenched of fluorescence, toxic, high fluorescence background, require a fluorescence reader for quantification	[[47], [48], [49], [50], [51]]
Up conversion nanoparticles	Long fluorescence lifetime, easy functionalization, stable, tunable emission color, no background fluorescence interference, high sensitivity	require a fluorescence reader for quantification	[[52], [53], [54]]
Magnetic nanoparticles	Easy surface functionalization, magnetic properties, long signal duration and low background noise	Require a magnetic readeror magnetic field sensor	[55,56]