Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the MRS cohort and stratification by presence/absence of NAFLD.
| MRS cohort |
NAFLD |
No NAFLD |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 132 | 21 | 111 | |
| LFC, % | 50 [33–6] | 8.2 [6.8–17.7] | 3.0 [2.5–3.6] | <0.001 |
| Age, years | 50 [33–61] | 57 [29–65] | 49 [35–59] | 0.289 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 74 (56.1) | 16 (76.2) | 58 (52.3) | 0.043 |
| Caucasian, n (%) | 124 (93.9) | 19 (90.5) | 105 (94.6) | 0.468 |
| Alcohol abstinence, n (%) | 45 (34.1) | 6 (28.6) | 39 (35.1) | 0.561 |
| Active smoking, n (%) | 8 (6.1) | 3 (14.3) | 5 (4.5) | 0.115 |
| Diabetes duration, years | 29 ± 14 | 28 ± 12 | 29 ± 14 | 0.915 |
| CSII, n (%) | 38 (28.8) | 4 (19.0) | 34 (30.6) | 0.282 |
| TDI, U/kg per 24 h∗ | 0.63 [0.47–0.85] | 0.92 [0.80–1.14] | 0.60 [0.45–0.75] | <0.001 |
| Biguanide use, n (%) | 12 (9.1) | 4 (19.0) | 8 (7.2) | 0.083 |
| GLP-1 RA use,n (%) | 8 (6.1) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (7.2) | 0.354 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.9 ± 4.39 | 29.3 ± 4.1 | 26.5 ± 4.3 | 0.007 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 39 (29.5) | 10 (47.6) | 29 (26.1) | 0.048 |
| WC, cm | ||||
| Males | 98.4 ± 12.3 | 107.6 ± 12.8 | 95.8 ± 11.0 | <0.001 |
| Females | 86.2 ± 13.1 | 94.5 ± 12.0 | 85.4 ± 13.1 | 0.139 |
| Blood pressure, mm Hg | ||||
| SBP | 129 ± 12 | 134 ± 10 | 128 ± 12 | 0.027 |
| DPB | 75 ± 9 | 76 ± 11 | 75 ± 9 | 0.705 |
| Antihypertensive drug use, n (%) | 52 (39.4) | 13 (61.9) | 39 (35.1) | 0.021 |
| MetS # elements NCEP ATPIII, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| 1 | 49 (37.1) | 0 (0) | 49 (44.1) | |
| 2 | 41 (31.1) | 6 (28.6) | 35 (31.5) | |
| 3 | 27 (20.5) | 8 (38.1) | 19 (17.1) | |
| 4 | 12 (9.1) | 6 (28.6) | 6 (5.4) | |
| 5 | 3 (2.3) | 1 (4.8) | 2 (1.8) | |
| MetS NCEP ATPIII, n (%) | 42 (31.8) | 15 (71.4) | 27 (24.3) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 0.76 [0.68–0.90] | 0.89 [0.62–0.97] | 0.76 [0.68–0.86] | 0.378 |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 100.9 ± 23.5 | 99.6 ± 28.8 | 101.1 ± 22.5 | 0.826 |
| HbA1c, % | 7.4 ± 0.9 | 7.6 ± 0.9 | 7.4 ± 0.9 | 0.265 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 57 ± 10 | 60 ± 10 | 57 ± 10 | 0.265 |
| Albumin, g/L | 41.7 ± 3.1 | 42.2 ± 3.2 | 41.5 ± 3.1 | 0.385 |
| AST, IU/L | 24 [20–29] | 27 [21–40] | 24 [20–28] | 0.025 |
| ALT, IU/L | 22 [16–31] | 32 [20–50] | 22 [15–29] | 0.007 |
| GGT, IU/L | 20 [14–30] | 30 [17–51] | 19 [13–28] | 0.007 |
| TG, mg/dl | 85 [ 64–109] | 124 [94–249] | 79 [62–95] | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 172 ± 35 | 158 ± 33 | 175 ± 35 | 0.048 |
| HDL, mg/dl | ||||
| Males | 51 ± 12 | 45 ± 9 | 52 ± 13 | 0.038 |
| Females | 67 ± 18 | 44 ± 10 | 69 ± 18 | 0.003 |
| LDL, mg/dl | 102 [81–120] | 99 [76–113] | 102 [81–122] | 0.383 |
| Statin use, n (%) | 64 (48.5) | 11 (52.4) | 53 (47.7) | 0.697 |
| US-NAFLD, n (%) | 25 (18.9) | 21 (100.0) | 4 (3.6) | <0.001 |
| M probe, n (%) | 106 (83.5) | 14 (70.0) | 92 (86.0) | 0.100 |
| CAP, dB/m† | 254 ± 54 | 310 ± 44 | 244 ± 49 | <0.001 |
| CAP >275 dB/m, n (%)† | 43 (33.9) | 16 (80.0) | 27 (25.2) | <0.001 |
| FLI | 37 [12–62] | 68 [47–86] | 33 [9–56] | <0.001 |
| FLI categories, n (%) | 0.003 | |||
| Low risk | 55 (41.7) | 3 (15.0) | 52 (46.4) | |
| Medium risk | 43 (32.6) | 6 (30.0) | 37 (33.0) | |
| High risk | 34 (25.8) | 11 (55.0) | 23 (20.5) | |
| LSM, kPa† | 5.3 [4.4–6.1] | 5.9 [5.3–7.1] | 5.1 [4.3–6.0] | 0.008 |
| LSM ≥8.0 kPa, n (%)† | 5 (3.9) | 3 (15.0) | 2 (1.9) | 0.010 |
Results are given as mean ± SD, median [IQR] or N (%). Comparison between groups with independent samples t test for normally distributed variables, Mann–Whitney U test for skewed variables, and Χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. The significance level was set at p <0.05. Values in bold denote significance.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CSII, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; CAP, controlled attenuation parameter; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FLI, fatty liver index; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; GLP-1 RA, glucagon-like peptide receptor agonist; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; LFC, liver fat content; LSM, liver stiffness measurement; MetS, metabolic syndrome; MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NCEP ATPIII, National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TDI, total daily dose of insulin; TG, triglycerides; Tot Chol, total cholesterol; US-NAFLD, ultrasound-determined NAFLD; WC, waist circumference.
TDI available in 105 individuals.
VCTE results available in 127 individuals, 20 with NAFLD, 107 without.