Table 2.
Regression analysis of factors associated with NAFLD.
| Panel A: MRS cohort | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | B | Odds ratio | 95% CI | p value |
| Model 1 (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.437) | ||||
| Age, years | 0.017 | 1.02 | 0.97–1.07 | 0.488 |
| Male sex | 0.477 | 1.61 | 0.31–8.29 | 0.568 |
| HbA1c (%) | 0.117 | 1.12 | 0.55–2.31 | 0.750 |
| MetS | 1.453 | 4.28 | 1.01–18.05 | 0.048 |
| TDI (U/kg) | 3.570 | 35.51 | 2.98–422.98 | 0.005 |
| Diabetes duration, years | −0.026 | 0.98 | 0.91–1.04 | 0.435 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.111 | 1.12 | 0.91–1.37 | 0.278 |
| Model 2 (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.330) | ||||
| Age, years | 0.022 | 1.02 | 0.968–1.07 | 0.347 |
| Male sex | 0.833 | 2.30 | 0.70–7.59 | 0.172 |
| HbA1c (%) | 0.041 | 1.04 | 0.58–1.87 | 0.890 |
| Increased WC | 0.756 | 2.13 | 0.67–6.81 | 0.202 |
| Increased TG | 1.401 | 4.06 | 1.05–15.64 | 0.042 |
| Decreased HDL | 1.123 | 3.07 | 0.82–11.53 | 0.096 |
| Hypertension | 1.331 | 3.79 | 1.01–14.33 | 0.050 |
| Diabetes duration, years |
−0.033 |
0.97 |
0.92–1.02 |
0.251 |
|
Panel B: US cohort | ||||
| Model 1 (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.371) | ||||
| Age, years | 0.002 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.03 | 0.846 |
| Male sex | 0.104 | 1.11 | 0.57–2.15 | 0.757 |
| HbA1c (%) | −0.052 | 0.95 | 0.67–1.34 | 0.768 |
| MetS | 0.952 | 2.59 | 1.20–5.58 | 0.015 |
| TDI, U/kg | 1.825 | 6.20 | 2.13–18.05 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes duration, years | −0.001 | 1.00 | 0.97–1.03 | 0.923 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.202 | 1.22 | 1.13–1.33 | <0.001 |
| Model 2 (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.317) | ||||
| Age, years | −0.003 | 1.000 | 0.97–1.02 | 0.828 |
| Male sex | 0.030 | 1.03 | 0.55–1.94 | 0.926 |
| HbA1c (%) | −0.120 | 0.89 | 0.64–1.24 | 0.481 |
| Increased WC | 1.95 | 7.05 | 3.55–13.99 | <0.001 |
| Increased TG | 0.853 | 2.35 | 1.01–5.48 | 0.048 |
| Decreased HDL | −0.527 | 0.59 | 0.24–1.45 | 0.252 |
| Hypertension | 0.570 | 1.77 | 0.84–3.74 | 0.136 |
| TDI, U/kg | 1.969 | 7.16 | 2.45–20.90 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes duration, years | −0.10 | 0.99 | 0.96–1.02 | 0.485 |
| Model 3 (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.392) | ||||
| Age, years | 0.003 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.03 | 0.838 |
| Male sex | 0.021 | 1.02 | 0.51–2.03 | 0.953 |
| HbA1c (%) | −0.032 | 0.97 | 0.68–1.38 | 0.860 |
| MetS | 0.856 | 2.35 | 1.08–5.12 | 0.031 |
| TDI, U/kg | 1.901 | 6.70 | 2.20–20.42 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes duration, years | −0.006 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.02 | 0.994 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.212 | 1.24 | 1.14–1.34 | <0.001 |
| ALT, IU/L | −0.016 | 0.99 | 0.95–1.02 | 0.423 |
| AST, IU/L | 0.039 | 1.04 | 0.98–1.10 | 0.173 |
| GGT, IU/L | 0.014 | 1.01 | 1.00–1.03 | 0.043 |
Logistic regression analysis to determine factors associated with the presence of NAFLD. The significance level was set at p <0.05. Values in bold denote significance. Panel A: Model includes all significant covariates derived from univariate analyses and variables based on clinical reasoning. Increased WC: men ≥102 cm, women ≥88 cm; increased TG: ≥ 150 mg/dl [1.7 mmol/L] or fibrate use; decreased HDL: men <40 mg/dl [1.03 mmol/L], women < 50 mg/dl [1.29 mmol/L]; hypertension: blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg or antihypertensive drug use. TDI was not included in the second model because of missing data and thus lack of power in the MRS cohort. BMI was not included in the second model because of multicollinearity with WC. Liver enzymes are not included in panel A, since panel A aims to identify risk factors. Panel B: Models 1 and 2 include the same factors as the MRS model. Model 3 includes liver enzymes AST, ALT, and GGT to explore their potential as first-line biomarkers. ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; MetS, metabolic syndrome; TDI, total daily dose of insulin; TG, triglycerides; WC, waist circumference.