Table 4.
Baseline characteristics of the overall cohort and stratification by presence/absence of US-determined NAFLD.
| Overall cohort |
NAFLD |
No NAFLD |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 530 | 86 | 444 | |
| Age, years | 47 [31–59] | 52 [35–62] | 45 [30–58] | 0.029 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 296 (55.8) | 52 (59.8) | 244 (55.1) | 0.420 |
| Caucasian, n (%) | 488 (92.1) | 75 (87.2) | 413 (93.0) | 0.068 |
| Alcohol abstinence, n (%) | 177 (33.4) | 27 (31.4) | 150 (33.8) | 0.667 |
| Active smoking, n (%) | 53 (10.0) | 15 (17.4) | 38 (8.6) | 0.038 |
| Diabetes duration, years | 26 ± 14 | 27 ± 13 | 26 ± 14 | 0.307 |
| CSII, n (%) | 122 (23.0) | 17 (19.8) | 105 (23.6) | 0.434 |
| TDI, U/kg per 24 h∗ | 0.59 [0.46–0.77] | 0.77 [0.56–1.03] | 0.56 [0.45–0.73] | <0.001 |
| Biguanide use, n (%) | 43 (8.2) | 15 (17.6) | 28 (6.3) | <0.001 |
| GLP-1 RA use, n (%) | 11 (2.1) | 4 (4.7) | 7 (1.6) | 0.086 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.2 ± 4.7 | 30.1 ± 4.5 | 25.3 ± 4.1 | <0.001 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 109 (20.6) | 51 (59.3) | 58 (13.1) | <0.001 |
| WC, cm | ||||
| Males | 95.4 ± 12.9 | 108.2 ± 11.2 | 92.7 ± 11.6 | <0.001 |
| Females | 86.7 ± 14.6 | 105.1 ± 15.6 | 83.5 ± 11.9 | <0.001 |
| Blood pressure, mm Hg | ||||
| SBP | 127 ± 13 | 133 ± 13 | 126 ± 13 | <0.001 |
| DBP | 74 ± 9 | 75 ± 9 | 74 ± 9 | 0.136 |
| Antihypertensive drug use, n (%) | 5.1 ± 1.6 | 45 (52.3) | 148 (33.3) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 303 (57.1) | 66 (75.9) | 237 (53.5) | <0.001 |
| MetS # elements NCEP ATPIII, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| 1 | 167 (31.5) | 4 (4.7) | 163 (36.7) | |
| 2 | 204 (38.5) | 20 (23.3) | 184 (41.4) | |
| 3 | 111 (20.9) | 40 (46.5) | 71 (16.0) | |
| 4 | 36 (6.8) | 17 (19.8) | 19 (4.3) | |
| 5 | 12 (2.3) | 5 (5.8) | 7 (1.6) | |
| MetS, N (%) | 159 (30.0) | 62 (72.1) | 97 (21.8) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 0.76 [0.67–0.86] | 0.78 [0.56–1.03] | 0.76 [0.66–0.86] | 0.222 |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 104 [92–119] | 99 [88–115] | 107 [93–119] | 0.057 |
| HbA1c, % | 7.5 ± 1.0 | 7.6 ± 0.9 | 7.4 ± 1.0 | 0.045 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 58 ± 10 | 60 ± 10 | 58 ± 11 | 0.045 |
| Albumin, g/L | 41.9 ± 3.1 | 41.0 ± 3.2 | 42.0 ± 4.1 | 0.044 |
| AST, IU/L | 21 [17–26] | 23 [18–28] | 21 [16–25] | 0.018 |
| ALT, IU/L | 22 [16–29] | 27 [19–36] | 21 [16–28] | <0.001 |
| GGT, IU/L | 21 [15–30] | 94 [73–138] | 20 [15–28] | <0.001 |
| TG, mg/dl | 75 [58–99] | 94 [73–138] | 73 [56–93] | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 172 ± 33 | 175 ± 34 | 172 ± 33 | 0.386 |
| HDL, mg/dl | ||||
| Males | 55 ± 14 | 50 ± 11 | 56 ± 14 | 0.001 |
| Females | 69 ± 18 | 62 ±18 | 71 ± 17 | 0.008 |
| LDL, mg/dl | 95 [79–117] | 100 [82–120] | 94 [78–115] | 0.122 |
| Statin use, n (%) | 27 ± 22 | 49 (57.0) | 162 (36.6) | <0.001 |
| Use of M probe, n (%) | 405 (78.6) | 41 (51.2) | 364 (83.7) | <0.001 |
| CAP, dB/m† | 230 ± 58 | 290 ± 58 | 220 ± 51 | <0.001 |
| FLI | 34 ± 28 | 69 ± 24 | 28 ± 24 | <0.001 |
| LSM, kPa† | 4.9 [4.0–5.9] | 5.5 [4.2–6.6] | 4.8 [4.0–5.8] | 0.019 |
| LSM ≥8 kPa, n (%)† | 19 (3.8) | 10 (13.2) | 9 (2.1) | <0.001 |
| FIB-4 | 0.74 [0.49–1.08] | 0.78 [0.50–1.09] | 0.73 [0.49–1.06] | 0.802 |
| FIB-4 <1.3 (<2.0 if >65 years) | 488 (92.1) | 78 (90.7) | 410 (92.3) | 0.605 |
| Urinary albuminuria rate, μg/min | 3.8 [2.1–8.0] | 5.0 [2.5–11.1] | 3.5 [2.0–7.0] | 0.004 |
| Microalbuminuria, n (%) | 52 (9.9) | 14 (16.5) | 38 (8.6) | 0.026 |
Results are given as mean ± SD, median [IQR] or N (%). Comparison between groups with independent samples t test for normally distributed variables, Mann–Whitney U test for skewed variables, and Χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. The significance level was set at p <0.05. Values in bold denote significance.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CAP, controlled attenuation parameter; CSII, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FIB-4, Fibrosis-4; FLI, fatty liver index; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; GLP-1 RA, glucagon-like peptide receptor agonist; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; LFC, liver fat content; LSM, liver stiffness measurement; MetS, metabolic syndrome; MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NCEP ATPIII, National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TDI, total daily dose of insulin; TG, triglycerides; Tot Chol, total cholesterol level; WC, waist circumference.
Available in 415 individuals.
VCTE available in 505 individuals, 76 with NAFLD, 429 without.