Table 3.
Predictors of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D insufficiency compared with vitamin D sufficiency.
| Vitamin D deficiency | Vitamin D insufficiency | |
|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Age group | ||
| 50–59 | 1.94 (1.55–2.42)*** | 1.58 (1.36–1.83)*** |
| 60–69 | 1.33 (1.04–1.69)* | 1.13 (0.96–1.34) |
| 70–79 | 1 | 1 |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 1.30 (1.10–1.53)** | 1.70 (1.47–1.97)*** |
| Female | 1 | 1 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| White people | 1 | 1 |
| Black people | 5.31 (4.22–6.67)*** | 1.76 (1.47–2.10)*** |
| Hispanic | 3.23 (2.55–4.08)*** | 2.39 (2.04–2.81)*** |
| Other | 2.72 (1.81–4.10)*** | 1.71 (1.22–2.41)** |
| Survey months | ||
| November–April | 1.65 (1.35–2.03)*** | 0.94 (0.81–1.09) |
| May–October | 1 | 1 |
| BMI status | ||
| Normal | 1 | 1 |
| Overweight | 1.46 (1.20–1.77) *** | 1.63 (1.37–1.92) *** |
| Obese | 3.27 (2.61–4.10) *** | 2.18 (1.77–2.69) *** |
| Smoking status | ||
| Never smoker | 0.54 (0.45–0.65) *** | 0.91 (0.75–1.09) |
| Former smoker | 0.48 (0.39–0.58) *** | 0.84 (0.66–1.07) |
| Current smoker | 1 | 1 |
| Marital status | ||
| Married/with a partner | 1 | 1 |
| Unmarried/widowed/divorce | 1.38 (1.16–1.65) *** | 1.05 (0.87–1.26) |
| Educational attainment | ||
| ≤ high school | 1.24 (1.03–1.49) * | 1.04 (0.90–1.20) |
| ≥ some college | 1 | 1 |
| Family income to poverty ratio | ||
| low income | 1.79 (1.41–2.25) *** | 1.59 (1.29–1.95) *** |
| middle income | 1.44 (1.16–1.79) ** | 1.32 (1.10–1.59) ** |
| high income | 1 | 1 |
| Diabetes | 1.07 (0.86–1.33) | 1.00 (0.82–1.22) |
| Hypertension | 0.78 (0.67–0.91)** | 0.88 (0.76–1.02) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 1.38 (1.08–1.75)** | 0.96 (0.79–1.17) |
| Stroke | 0.97 (0.67–1.39) | 0.87 (0.66–1.16) |
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; and ***p < 0.001.