Table 1.
List of all included studies (n = 24).
| Year | Journal | Design | N | Population | MMSE* | Age | Gait speed (m/s) | Cadence (steps/min) | Step length (cm) | Walk ratio (cm/step/min) | Country | % Female | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy controls | |||||||||||||
| Cosentino et al. | 2020 | Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2020; 34 | Cross sectional | 43 | Normal controls | 29 | 72 | 0.73 | 86.00 | 39.00 | 0.45 | IT | 58 |
| De Cock et al. | 2017 | PLoS ONE 2017; 12(6) | Cross sectional | 78 | Normal controls | 29 | 75 | 1.05 | 108.60 | 58.00 | 0.53 | BEL | 54 |
| Doi et al. | 2019 | JAMDA 20 (2019) | Prospective study | 3.766 | No dementia | 26 | 72 | 1.26 | 122.00 | 62.00 | 0.51 | JPN | 53 |
| Goyal N et al. | 2019 | Int J Rehab Res 2019; 42 | Cross sectional | 8 | Normal controls | 29 | 73 | 1.10 | 115.10 | 56.60 | 0.49 | US | 63 |
| Gras LZ et al. | 2015 | J Ger Phys Ter 2015; 38(1) | 13 | Normal controls | 29 | 73 | 1.49 | 116.10 | 77.00 | 0.66 | US | 23 | |
| Ijmker T & Lamoth C J | 2012 | Gait & Posture 35 (2012) | Cross sectional | 14 | Older controls | 29 | 80 | 1.40 | 112.14 | 61.00 | 0.54 | NL | 14 |
| 12 | Younger controls | 29 | 64 | 1.19 | 112.40 | 64.00 | 0.57 | 25 | |||||
| McGough EL et al. | 2018 | Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2018;97(4) | Cross sectional | 23 | Normal controls | 29 | 83 | 1.09 | 112.80 | 58.50 | 0.52 | US | 78 |
| Montero-Odasso M et al. | 2012 | Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2012;93 | Cross sectional | 26 | Normal controls | 30 | 72 | 1.34 | 115.60 | 70.00 | 0.61 | CA | 88 |
| Muir SW et al. | 2012 | Gait & Posture 35 (2012) | Cross sectional | 22 | Normal controls | 30 | 71 | 1.36 | 114.58 | 71.00 | 0.62 | CA | 88 |
| Nadkarni N et al. | 2009 | Gait & Posture 30 (2009) | Cross sectional | 34 | Normal controls | 29 | 74 | 1.19 | 109.00 | 65.00 | 0.60 | CA | 45 |
| Nadkarni N et al. | 2009 | Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2009;28 | Correlation study | 15 | Normal Controls | 28 | 76 | 1.11 | 106.00 | 62.00 | 0.58 | CA | |
| 18 | Normal controls | 29 | 69 | 1.27 | 112.00 | 69.00 | 0.62 | ||||||
| Silva FO et al. | 2020 | Exp Gerontol 131 (2020) | Cross sectional | 17 | Normal controls | 29 | 71 | 1.26 | 113.00 | 58.00 | 0.51 | BR | 100 |
| Wittwer JE et al. | 2010 | Gait & Posture 32 (2010) | Longitudinal study | 19 | Normal controls | 29 | 80 | 1.18 | 111.00 | 64.00 | 0.58 | AUS | 47 |
| Cognitive impairment | |||||||||||||
| Cedervall Y et al. | 2014 | Gait & Posture 39 (2014) | Longitudinal study | 21 | Mild Alzheimer’s disease | 25 | 72 | 1.14 | 110.32 | 62.00 | 0.56 | SWE | 52 |
| 21 | Mild Alzheimer’s disease * | 22 | 73 | 1.10 | 110.00 | 60.00 | 0.55 | 52 | |||||
| 21 | Mild Alzheimer’s disease* | 21 | 74 | 1.01 | 106.32 | 57.00 | 0.54 | 52 | |||||
| Cosentino E et al. | 2020 | Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2020;34 | Cross sectional | 43 | Mild cognitive impairment | 25 | 72 | 0.57 | 73.40 | 33.00 | 0.45 | IT | 61 |
| De Cock AM et al. | 2017 | PLoS ONE 2017;12(6) | Cross sectional | 96 | Moderate dementia | 15 | 83 | 0.78 | 100.00 | 45.00 | 0.45 | BEL | 74 |
| de Melo Coelho FG et al. | 2013 | Gait & Posture. 39(4) | Intervention study | 14 | Mild and Moderate Alzheimer’s disease | 20 | 78 | 0.79 | 103.04 | 46.00 | 0.45 | BR | N.R.* |
| de Melo Coelho FG et al. | 2012 | Aging Neuropsych Cog. 19(5) | Cross sectional | 12 | Mild Alzheimer’s disease | 22 | 76 | 0.78 | 99.60 | 47.00 | 0.47 | BR | N.R.* |
| Doi T et al. | 2019 | JAMDA 20 (2019) | Prospective study. | 245 | Incident dementia | 24 | 77 | 1.10 | 120.00 | 55.00 | 0.46 | JPN | 54 |
| Doi T et al. | 2012 | Arch Gerontol Ger 56 (2013) | RCT | 25 | Amnestic mild cognitive impairment | 27 | 75 | 1.10 | 115.79 | 57.00 | 0.49 | JPN | 46 |
| Goyal N et al. | 2019 | Int J Rehab Res 2019;42 | Cross sectional | 8 | Mild cognitive impairment | 19 | 78 | 0.80 | 97.70 | 48.80 | 0.50 | US | 75 |
| Gras LZ et al. | 2015 | J Ger Phys Ter 2015;38(1) | Cross sectional | 13 | Very mild Alzheimer’s disease | 25 | 73 | 1.07 | 103.55 | 62.00 | 0.60 | US | 23 |
| Ijmker T & Lamoth CJ | 2012 | Gait & Posture 35 (2012) | Cross sectional | 15 | Alzheimer’s disease and fronto temporal dementia | 20 | 82 | 0.67 | 100.84 | 40.00 | 0.40 | NL | 12 |
| Kim JS et al. | 2017 | EGEM 8 (2017) | Intervention study | 15 | Mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease | 14 | 80 | 0.53 | 95.21 | 33.15 | 0.35 | KR | N.R.* |
| McGoughEL et al. | 2018 | Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2018;97(4) | Cross sectional | 23 | Amnestic mild cognitive impairment | 27 | 85 | 0.99 | 110.00 | 54.00 | 0.49 | US | 73 |
| Montero-Odasso M et al. | 2009 | J NeuroEngineer Rehab 2009. 6:35 | Reliability study | 13 | Mild cognitive impairment | 28 | 77 | 1.19 | 108.38 | 65.88 | 0.61 | CA | 54 |
| Montero-OdassoM et al. | 2012 | Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2012;93 | Cross sectional | 43 | Mild cognitive impairment | 28 | 75 | 1.11 | 107.60 | 62.00 | 0.58 | CA | 54 |
| Muir SW et al. | 2012 | Gait & Posture 35 (2012) | Cross sectional | 29 | Mild cognitive impairment | 28 | 74 | 1.16 | 111.42 | 62.00 | 0.56 | CA | 59 |
| 23 | Alzheimer’s disease | 24 | 78 | 1.11 | 108.72 | 61.00 | 0.56 | 61 | |||||
| Nadkarni NK et al. | 2009 | Gait & Posture 30 (2009) | Cross sectional | 40 | Alzheimer’s disease | 25 | 74 | 0.99 | 101.00 | 59.00 | 0.58 | CA | 55 |
| Nadkarni NK et al. | 2009 | Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2009;28 | Corrolation study | 21 | Alzheimer’s disease | 25 | 77 | 0.96 | 102.00 | 56.00 | 0.55 | CA | |
| Schwenk M et al. | 2014 | BMC Geriatrics 2014 14:73 | RCT | 20 | Milde to moderate dementia | 21 | 80 | 1.33 | 137.14 | 58.29 | 0.43 | GER | 65 |
| Silva FO et al. | 2019 | Exp Gerontol 131 (2020) | Cross sectional | 23 | Alzheimers’s disease | 21 | 78 | 0.96 | 95.60 | 52.00 | 0.54 | BR | 52 |
| 23 | Mild cognitive impairment | 29 | 77 | 1.21 | 108.50 | 58.00 | 0.53 | 61 | |||||
| van den Elsen GAH et al. | 2016 | J Psychopharmacology 2017 31(2) | RCT | 17 | Alzheimer’s disease | 19 | 77 | 0.92 | 99.70 | 55.37 | 0.56 | NL | 17 |
| Wittwer J et al. | 2008 | Gait & Posture 28 (2008) | Reliability study | 20 | Alzheimer’s disease | 22 | 81 | 1.06 | 106.47 | 59.70 | 0.56 | AUS | 50 |
| Wittwer J et al. | 2013 | Gait & Posture 38 (2013) | Reproducibility study | 16 | Alzheimer’s disease | 21 | 81 | 1.00 | 104.70 | 57.35 | 0.55 | AUS | 63 |
| Wittwer J et al | 2014 | Gait & Posture 39 (2014) | Cross sectional | 30 | Alzheimer’s disease | 21 | 80 | 1.12 | 109.60 | 60.70 | 0.55 | AUS | 50 |
| Wittwer J et al | 2010 | Gait & Posture 32 (2010) | Longitudinal study | 11 | Mild Alzheimer’s disease | 25 | 80 | 1.12 | 105.90 | 64.00 | 0.60 | AUS | 50 |