AFP	alpha-fetoprotein
ACT	Adoptive Cell Therapy
α-SMC	α-smooth muscle cell
CAR	chimeric antigen receptor
CCL26	C-C motif chemokine 26
CIK	cytokine-induced killing
CTLA-4	cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein 4
CAF	cancer-associated fibroblasts
CTL	cytotoxic T lymphocyte
CSC	sequester circulating cancer cells
CCA	cholangiocarcinoma
CXCL	chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand
CYLD	cylindromatosis
CVV	cancer-favoring vaccinia virus
cDCs	conventional DCs
DC	dendritic cells
DCR	disease control rate
ECM	extracellular matrix
EMT	epithelial–mesenchymal transition
FDA	US Food and Drug Administration
FoxP3	forkhead box protein 3
FGF	fibroblast growth factor
FAP	fibroblast activating protein
GPC3	Glypican 3
GM-CSF	granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor
HCC	Hepatocellular carcinoma
HSC	hepatic stellate cell
hTERT	telomerase reverse transcriptase
ICB	immune checkpoint blockade
ICIs	immune checkpoint inhibitors
IDO	indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase
IFN-γ	interferon gamma
KCs	Kupffer cells
KIT	c-kit receptor
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
LSAMP	limbic system-associated membrane protein
LAG-3	lymphocyte-activation gene 3
MDSC	myeloid-derived suppressor cells
MC	mast cells
MST	median survival time
MFB	myofibroblast
MHC	major histocompatibility complex
NK	natural killer cells
NET	neutrophil extracellular traps
NKG2D	natural killer group 2D
NKG2A	natural killer group 2A
NGF	nerve growth factor
NY-ESO-1	New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1
NMPA	national medical products administration
OS	overall survival
OVs	oncolytic viruses
ORR	objective remission rates
OS	overall survival
PD1	programmed cell death 1
PD-L1	programmed death ligand 1
PFS	progression-free survival
PBMC	peripheral blood mononuclear cells
PDGF	platelet-derived growth factor
PDGFR	platelet-derived growth factor receptor
pDCs	plasma cell-like DCs
RFA	radiofrequency ablation
RFS	recurrence-free survival
SIRT	selective internal radiation therapy
SBRT	stereotactic body radiation therapy
TAA	tumor-associated antigen
TACE	transarterial chemoembolization
TIL	tumor infiltrating lymphocytes
TAM	tumor-associated macrophages
TAN	tumor-associated neutrophils
TGF-β	transforming growth factor-β
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-α
TCR	T cell receptor
TIGIT	T cell immune receptor with Ig and ITIM domains
Tim-3	T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3
VEGF	vascular endothelial growth factor
VEGFR	vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.