| Intestine |
IAP |
• Lipids absorption |
38 ± 14 |
50, 66, 86–88
|
| • Removal of bacterial lipopolysaccharides and free nucleotides |
| • Control of the bacterial transmucosal passage |
| • Reduced gut inflammatory response |
| • Dephosphorylation of tricellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine |
| Colon |
IAP, colonic TNAP |
• Reduction of inflammation and oxidative stress |
2.3 ± 0.8 |
89 and 90
|
| Testis |
GCAP |
• Sperm glycolytic reactions and fructose production |
0.5 ± 0.1 |
91
|
| Placenta |
PLAP |
• Tumor marker |
69 ± 44 |
30, 91 and 92
|
| • Removal of bacterial endotoxins from the body |
| Bone |
TNAP |
• Bone development and mineralization |
— |
91
|
| • Sign of osteoblastic activity |
| Liver |
TNAP |
• Breakdown of phosphorylcholine |
2.6 ± 1.4 |
93
|
| Kidney |
TNAP |
• Dephosphorylation and detoxification of ATP |
2.1 ± 0.7 |
94
|
| Lung |
TNAP |
• Repair of damaged tissue and the clearance of mucus |
2.1 ± 0.5 |
95
|
| • Formation of new blood vessels and the repair of damaged tissue |
| Vagina, endometrium |
TNAP |
• Maintenance of acidic pH |
— |
96 and 97
|
| • Maintenance of vaginal flora |
| • Wound healing |
| • Endometrial development |
| • Menstrual cycle |
| • Pregnancy |
| Eyes |
TNAP |
• Ocular development |
— |
98 and 99
|
| • Maintenance of the retinal pigment epithelium |
| • Removal of toxic waste products |
| • Regulation of cell growth and differentiation |
| • Age-related macular degeneration |
| • Retinitis pigmentosa |
