TABLE 1.
Effect of exercise on immune markers in COVID-19 condition.
| Suitable markers for COVID-19 from immunological perspectives | Physical exercise influences the immunological markers in a dose-dependent manner | References |
|---|---|---|
| Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) | An increase of TNF-alpha can aggravate the severity of COVID-19 | MacNeil et al. (2021); Guo et al. (2022) |
| Interleukin 17 (IL-17) | Targeting IL-17 can decrease the covid-1o | Sugama et al. (2013); Pacha et al. (2013) |
| Interferon gamma inducible protein-10 (IP-10) and Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) | Increase the COVID-19 disease severity | Docherty and Harley (2022); Chen and Wang (2020) |
| Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1) | Risk factor of mortality in COVID-19 | Middelbeek et al. (2021); Pons et al. (2021) |
| Type I interferons (IFN-I) | Decrease of IFN can severe the COVID-19 | Buang et al. (2021); Palermo et al. (2021) |
| IL-4 | IL-4 level is elevated for tissue remodeling in COVID-19 | Conroy et al. (2016); Vaz de Paula et al. (2020) |
| IL-10 | IL-10 level is linked with poor health and severity in COVID-19 | Cabral-Santos et al. (2019); Lu et al. (2021) |
| IL-13 | Elevated level of IL-13 is linked with the requirement of mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 | Knudsen et al. (2020); Donlan et al. (2021) |
| CD4 and CD8 | Increased level of CD4 and CD8 worsen the COVID-19 | Bernal et al. (2021); Remy et al. (2020) |