Lower baseline HbA1c ≤ 8.3%
QI combination (no. of arms)	Post‐intervention meana HbA1c (95% CrI)b	Absolute mean differencec HbA1c (95% CrI)
Five most common combinations of QI strategies observed in included studies reporting HbA1c
CM + PE + PSM (n = 31)	7.35 (7.25 to 7.45)	‐0.13 (‐0.23 to ‐0.04)
CM + TC + PE + PSM (n = 12)	7.24 (7.12 to 7.35)	‐0.25 (‐0.36 to ‐0.13)
CM + FR + PE + PSM (n = 11)	7.30 (7.18 to 7.41)	‐0.19 (‐0.30 to ‐0.08)
CM + PSM (n = 10)	7.34 (7.23 to 7.44)	‐0.15 (‐0.24 to ‐0.06)
CM + PE (n = 10)	7.29 (7.10 to 7.48)	‐0.19 (‐0.36 to ‐0.03)
Sequential combination of the model‐estimated five most effective QI strategies for HbA1c*
PR + PSM	7.21 (7.02 to 7.36)	‐0.28 (‐0.45 to ‐0.13)
PR + PSM + CE	7.08 (6.88 to 7.27)	‐0.41 (‐0.61 to ‐0.22)
PR + PSM + CE + TC	6.96 (6.75 to 7.17)	‐0.52 (‐0.73 to ‐0.32)
PR + PSM + CE + TC + EPR	6.86 (6.65 to 7.07)	‐0.63 (‐0.84 to ‐0.42)
Higher baseline HbA1c > 8.3%
Combinations of QI strategies	Post‐intervention meana HbA1c (95% CrI) d	Absolute mean differencec HbA1c (95% CrI)
Five most common combinations of QI strategies observed in included studies reporting HbA1c
QI combination (no. of arms)
CM + PE + PSM (n = 31)	8.13 (7.98 to 8.29)	‐0.57 (‐0.72 to ‐0.41)
CM + TC + PE + PSM (n = 28)	8.03 (7.87 to 8.18)	‐0.67 (‐0.82 to ‐0.53)
CM + FR + PE + PSM (n = 13)	8.09 (7.91 to 8.27)	‐0.61 (‐0.79 to ‐0.43)
FR + PSM (n = 10)	8.53 (8.34 to 8.73)	‐0.17 (‐0.34 to 0.01)
CM + TC + PE (n = 8)	8.39 (8.20 to 8.59)	‐0.31 (‐0.49 to ‐0.12)
Sequential combination of the model‐estimated five most effective QI strategies for HbA1c
CM + EPR	8.25 (8.03 to 8.48)	‐0.45 (‐0.63 to ‐0.25)
CM + EPR + PE	8.08 (7.85 to 8.32)	‐0.62 (‐0.84 to ‐0.39)
CM + EPR + PE + PSM	7.96 (7.75 to 8.17)	‐0.74 (‐0.95 to ‐0.53)
CM + EPR + PE + PSM + TC	7.98 (7.73 to 8.22)	‐0.72 (‐0.95 to ‐0.50)