Fernandes 2018.

Study characteristics
Methods	A randomized controlled trial of financial incentives for medicaid beneficiaries with diabetes RCT (NA clusters and NA providers), conducted in 1) Kaiser Permanente Hawaii (KPHI) 2) Study co‐ordinator. In United States of America. 2 arms: 1. Control (usual care) (control arm) and 2. Intervention (Hawaii Patient Reward And Incentives to Support Empowerment (HI‐PRAISE) project) (intervention arm)
Participants	Control arm N: 161 Intervention arm N: 159, NA, NA Diabetes type: 3 Mean age: 48.15 ± 9.8 % Male: 45.66 Longest follow‐up: 12 months
Interventions	Control arm: (usual care) Intervention arm: (Hawaii Patient Reward And Incentives to Support Empowerment (HI‐PRAISE) project) 1) Financial Incentives
Outcomes	Glycated haemoglobin Systolic blood pressure Diastolic blood pressure Low‐density lipoprotein
Funding source	The project described was supported by Grant Number 1B1CMS330884 from the Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
Notes	—
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Random number table generated by the randomisation function in statistics computing and graphics software R.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Random number table generated by the randomisation function in statistics computing and graphics software R.
Patient's baseline characteristics (selection bias)	Low risk	Table 1. Relatively balanced.
Patient's baseline outcomes (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Table 2. P values provided but are not related to baseline values.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias)	High risk	19% (131/161) lost in control group, 21% (125/159) lost in intervention group.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) and of outcome assessors (detection bias)	Low risk	HbA1c, BP, LDL, measured objectively.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	No registered protocol. Methods match outcomes.
Risk of contamination (other bias)	Low risk	Patient‐randomised. Unclear whether groups were followed by the same clinicians. Unlikely that control participants received incentives.
Other bias	Low risk	None identified.