Ginsberg 1996.

Study characteristics
Methods	Preliminary results of a disease management program for diabetes Patient RCT, conducted in a family practice clinic at a major university, USA Two arms: 1. Control (control arm) and 2. Staged diabetes management (SDM) programme (intervention arm)
Participants	Control arm N: NR Intervention arm N: NR Diabetes type: type 2 Mean age: NR ± NR % Male: NR Longest follow‐up: 6 months
Interventions	Control arm: None Intervention arm: 1) Audit and feedback 2) Clinician education 3) Clinician reminders 4) Patient education
Outcomes	1) HbA1c, mean % (SD) Control arm: pre 10.3 (2.1), post 10.4 (2.1) Intervention arm: pre 10.2 (2.8), post 8.8 (0.7)
Funding source	Not reported.
Notes	—
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Information not available.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Information not available.
Patient's baseline characteristics (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Information not available.
Patient's baseline outcomes (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Information not available.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias)	Unclear risk	Information not available.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) and of outcome assessors (detection bias)	Low risk	Information not available.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Information not available.
Risk of contamination (other bias)	Unclear risk	Information not available.
Other bias	Unclear risk	Information not available.