Krass 2007.
Study characteristics | ||
Methods |
The Pharmacy Diabetes Care Program: assessment of a community pharmacy diabetes service model in Australia Cluster‐RCT (56 clusters), conducted in community pharmacies in Australia (New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and Western Australia) Two arms: 1. Control (control arm) and 2. Intervention (intervention arm) |
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Participants | Control arm N: 159 Intervention arm N: 176 Diabetes type: type 2 Mean age: 62.0 ± 11.0 % Male: 51.0 Longest follow‐up: 6 months |
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Interventions |
Control arm: None Intervention arm: 1) Case management 2) Clinician education 3) Patient education 4) Promotion of self‐management 5) Financial incentives |
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Outcomes | 1) HbA1c, mean % (SD) Control arm: pre 8.3 (1.3), post 8.0 (1.2) Intervention arm: pre 8.9 (1.4), post 7.9 (1.2) 2) SBP, mean mmHg (SD) Control arm: pre 133.0 (12.0), post 135.0 (15.0) Intervention arm: pre 135.0 (14.0), post 133.0 (15.0) 3) DBP, mean mmHg (SD) Control arm: pre 77.0 (9.0), post 76.0 (9.0) Intervention arm: pre 79.0 (8.0), post 77.0 (8.0) |
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Funding source | The Pharmacy Diabetes Care Program was funded by the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing as part of the Third Community Pharmacy Agreement | |
Notes | — | |
Risk of bias | ||
Bias | Authors' judgement | Support for judgement |
Random sequence generation (selection bias) | Unclear risk | Information not available. |
Allocation concealment (selection bias) | Low risk | Information not available. |
Provider's baseline characteristics (selection bias) | Unclear risk | No P values or text explanation other than "Overall, the intervention and control pharmacies and pharmacists were well matched in terms of pharmacy and personal demographics". |
Patient's baseline characteristics (selection bias) | High risk | Table 1. Most patients (79%) reported being treated with oral glucose‐lowering drugs alone; however, the proportion of patients taking a combination of insulin and oral glucose‐lowering drugs was higher in the intervention than the control group (25 vs 13%; P = 0.01). There was also a difference in years since diagnosis of diabetes, with the control group having been diagnosed with diabetes longer than the intervention group (10.4 vs 8.6 years; P = 0.04). |
Patient's baseline outcomes (selection bias) | High risk | With respect to clinical measures, the control and intervention groups at baseline were similar with the exception of baseline HbA1c (P < 0.01; Table 1). |
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) | Low risk | Information not available. |
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) and of outcome assessors (detection bias) | Low risk | Information not available. |
Selective reporting (reporting bias) | Low risk | Information not available. |
Risk of contamination (other bias) | Low risk | Information not available. |
Other bias | Low risk | Information not available. |