Table 1. Comparison between Different Methods Used for Fabricating Nanofibers.

Method	Characteristics	Advantages	Limitations
Self-Assembly Method31	• Bottom-up process where individual molecules are arranged in specific ways to generate macromolecular nanofibers.	Molecules can gather into organized structures like monolayers, tubes, or porous structures such as honeycomb microfilms.	Complex process and takes a longer time for preparation.
	• Yields nanofibers in the 100 nm range.
	• Intermolecular interactions connecting these molecules determine the shape of the nanofiber.
Phase Separation Method32	• Dissolution of polymer, gel formation, extraction of solvent, and freeze-drying are the fundamental phases involved in this technique.	This approach produces nanofibers with a 50–500 nm diameter and a shorter length.	Time-consuming and tiresome procedure.
	• The instability or physical incompatibility of the polymer within the solvent causes them to split into two distinct phases.
	• Changing polymer composition can change the properties of nanofibers.
Template Method33	• Targeting material is placed in contact with a nanostructured ceramic or polymeric membrane used as a template to form nanofibers.	Uses commercially available nanoporous membranes as templates to fabricate nanoscale fibers 100s nm in size.	Not scalable.
	• Anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) and silica are commonly used ceramic templates which are easily available. Fiber characteristics can be changed using various templates.
Electrospinning34	• Top-down methodwhich has the ability to fabricate fibers with diameters from a few nanometers to several microns.	• Cost-effective as compared to others, scalable.	Jet instability, toxic solvents used, and handling not easy.
	• Various factors which affect the size and shape of nanofibers produced are: polymer type, applied operating voltage, the distance between the collector and the tip of the needle, polymeric solution, concentration, its viscosity and flow rate, solution conductivity, temperature conditions, etc.	• Possible to control the thickness, composition, and porosity of nanofiber meshes.