| Antifungal |
Eucalyptol |
Ellan/polyvinyl
alcohol (Electrospinning) |
• Smooth, bead-free,
uniform nanofibers with 219.23 ± 30.93 nm as average diameter and 40 ± 6.2% of encapsulation efficiency were prepared. |
| • 67–74% developing
biofilms inhibition and 45–47% matured biofilms eradication of Candida strains. |
| • Enhanced antifungal activity due to nanofibers hydrophobic
encapsulation of oils decreasing its degradation and increasing its
therapeutic efficacy.84
|
| Ketoconazole |
Polycaprolactone
(Electrospinning) |
• Ketoconazole-functionalized
nanofibers (with a mean
diameter of 526 ± 148 nm) consistently
inhibited more fungal growth as compared to the pure drug. |
| • The drug load was found to be 45.3 ± 1.7 μg of ketoconazole per mg of nanofiber. |
| • Enhanced the activity of a poorly water-soluble
drug.85
|
| Wound dressing/healing |
Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride |
Polyurethane and
soy protein (Electrospinning) |
• Biocompatible,
flexible nanofibers with an average
diameter of 312 nm, tensile strength of 4.5 MPa, and tensile strain
of 105.5%. |
| • Antibactericidal activity
against Gram-positive (inhibition
rate about 70%) and Gram-negative bacteria (inhibition rate about
90%) and efficiency in wound healing.86
|
| Chlorhexidine acetate |
Polyurethane/clay
nanocomposite (Electrospinning) |
• Nanofiber diameter
ranging between 325 and 375 nm
with a mean pore diameter of the nanofibrous web as 0.357 μm. |
| • With 5% of drug loading, nanofibers exhibited
a maximum
of 91% drug release at pH 7.4. |
| • Maintained
wound moisture, prevented dehydration during
wound healing, and sustained release with long-term activity.87
|
| Doxycycline (DCH) |
Polylactide (PLA)
(Electrospinning) |
• The bead-free, continuous,
and smooth nanofibers were
obtained with 5–30% of loading
efficiency. Also, it was observed that with an increase in loading
to 30%, the DCH-encapsulated nanofibers’ mean diameter also
increased to 424 ± 62nm. |
| • Exhibited faster healing due to half of
the wound
beds being filled with tissue, and it regenerated epidermis.88
|
| Psoriasis |
Methotrexate magnetic
nanoparticles |
Polyvinyl alcohol
polymer (Electrospinning) |
• Smooth surface and
uniform fibers with 330 to 480
nm diameter range and 88.4% drug entrapment efficiency. |
| • Smart and sensitive stimuli-responsive release
of
drugs (5 min of alternate magnetic field released ∼10% of the
drug as temperature increased by ∼5 °C) in a controlled
manner (once a day, h, etc.).89
|
| Acne |
Clindamycin |
Polyvinyl alcohol
and tamarind seed gum (Electrohydrodynamic atomization, i.e., electrospraying
and electrospinning) |
• Fabricated nanofibers
with smooth surfaces had an
average diameter between 202.65 ± 26.45 nm and 277.80 ± 27.05 nm depending
upon the voltage applied, PVA concentration, and amount of clindamycin
loaded (range between 1 to 2.5% w/w) into it. |
| • Drug-loaded fibers showed slightly greater antibacterial
activity, with a bacterial inhibition zone approximately greater than
3 cm2 as compared to commercial 1% clindamycin gel (inhibition
zone around 2.7 cm2).90
|
| Zinc
oxide nanoparticles |
Polyvinyl alcohol
cross-linked by citric acid (Electrospinning) |
•
Nanofibers with 325 ± 48 nm diameter
for 7 wt % of ZnO concentration incorporated and swelling
ratio 780 ± 58:77%, suggesting
its potential use as a facial mask. |
| •
PVA/ZnO (7%) reported antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus
aureus and Candida acne bacterial
strains with 1.5 mm and 2.25 mm inhibition zones, respectively.91
|
| Resveratrol nanocrystals |
Polycaprolactone
(Single nozzle electrospinning) |
• Nanofibers
with mean diameters of 1457 ± 648 nm and 1506 ± 527 nm for 0.2 mg/cm2 and
1 mg/cm2 nanocrystals, respectively,
with 89.32 ± 1.0% and 71.73 ± 9.0% adsorption efficiency, respectively. |
| • Effective antimicrobial activity against
acne with 1.3 ± 0.02 cm and 1.6 ± 0.1 cm inhibition zone, respectively.92
|
| Atopic dermatitis |
Pioglitazone |
Polyvinylpyrrolidone
(Electrospinning) |
• Nanofiber mats with 0.230 ± 0.0196 mm as the mean thickness, and
82 to 88% drug loading efficiency. |
| •
5-fold enhanced drug permeation flux and highly retained
(677.7 mg/cm2) in the epidermis
skin layer as compared to casted film.93
|
| Natural oils (borage,
black cumin seed, and evening primrose oil) |
Poly(vinyl butyral-co-vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate) (PVB) |
• 335 ± 86 nm was
the average diameter of the prepared nanofibers with a porosity value
of 92.6%, which affected the sorption, helped in the adhesion of oils
with the skin, and provided better permeability. |
| • The average maximum tensile stress and the average
maximum elongation of the nanofibers were observed to be 0.66 ± 0.11 MPa and 59 ± 9% respectively. |
| •
In direct contact with fibroblasts, nanofibers exhibited
high biocompatibility, with the rapid spread of oils aiding oil delivery
for the desired period of time providing moisturization to the skin.94
|
| Skin Cancer |
Doxorubicin (Dox)
hydrochloride |
Polycaprolactone
(Electrospinning) |
• Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles
encapsulated polycaprolactone nanofibrous mat-based bandages with
diameters in the range of 100–1000 nm. |
| • 20 μg of Dox was incorporated
in 10 mg of a
fibrous mat, and a 1.8-fold higher release of Dox was observed in
the presence of a magnetic field as compared to normal. |
| • Irreversible necrotic tumor cell death was observed
through 5 heating doses and specific parameters, and the treated mice
exhibited complete recovery within 2 weeks of the treatment. |
| • Designed bandages dissipated heat energy
locally and
enhanced the activity of the drug through elevated temperature, which
may potentially kill Dox-resistant cells as well.95
|
| Gold nanoparticles
(AuNPs) and curcumin |
Polyvinyl alcohol
(PVA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) (Electrospinning) |
•
Smooth and continuous PVA loaded with AuNPs and PCL
loaded with curcumin nanofibers were produced in the diameter range
of 300 nm and 600–800 nm, respectively,
with tensile strengths of 4.5 MPa and 2–3 MPa, respectively. |
| • High drug entrapment
efficiency of 95.60% was observed
in the case of PCL–curcumin nanofibers. |
| • Reported cancer cell selective toxicity by the mechanism
of apoptosis and lesser toxicity on normal cells better than as compared
to free formulations due to sustained release with high antioxidant
efficacy.96
|
| Bioactive compounds
of Terminalia catappa (TC) (extract) |
Sodium alginate
(SA) (Electrospinning) |
• Nanofibers formed with
interconnecting pores. |
| • In SA+TC,
nanofibrous scaffold cell death was found
to be at a maximum with an approximately 2-fold increase in the expression
of Bax, Cyt C, p53, p21, Cas9, and Cas3 genes (apoptosis markers).97
|
| Doxorubicin hydrochloride |
Chitosan/cobalt
ferrite/titanium oxide (Electrospinning) |
• Smooth,
uniform nanofibers 110 nm in diameter on average
and with 96.5 ± 1% drug loading
efficiency. |
| • At acidic pH, the release
of the drug was faster (more
than 40% in 10 h) in the presence of magnetic field from the magnetic
nanofibers as compared to physiological pH, showing efficacy toward
tumor cells with an acidic environment. |
| •
Highest cytotoxicity and improved antitumor efficacy
due to synergism in the case of the designed nanofibers with 58% and
78% cell deaths after 2 and 3 days, respectively.98
|
