TABLE 2.
Characteristics of Included Studies
| Source and Country | Total Number | Age Range (Months) | Mean Age (SD)b | Males (%) | Type of Sample | Initial Interviewer | Follow up Interviewer | Language | Diagnostic Evaluation Method | Quality Indicator | Screen- Negative Evaluated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Guo et al31 2019; China | 7928 | 16–30 | 22.7 (4.1) | 55.6 | Community | Healthcare | NS | Mandarine | Clinical evaluation | Good | Someg |
| Jonsdottir et al32 2021; Iceland | 1586 | NS | 31.7 (1.7) | 50.5 | Community | Healthcare | Research personnel | Icelandishe | ADOS | Good | Someg |
| Magan-Maganto et al33 2020; Spain | 6625 | 14–36 | 14–22 mo: 18.2 (0.7); 23–36 mo: 24.5 (1.2) | 51.2 | Community | Healthcare | Research personnel, Healthcare | Spanishe | ADOS | Good | Someg |
| Oner et al34 2020; Turkey | 6712 | 16–36 | 26.8 (5.8) | 51.5 | Community | Healthcare | Healthcare | Turkishe | ADOS | Good | Someh |
| Robins et al17 2014; US | 16071 | 16–30.9 | 21.0 (3.3) | 50.12 | Community | Healthcare | Research personnel | English | ADOS | Good | Someh |
| Wieckowski et al37a 2021; US | 4281 | 14.0–21.9 | NA | 51.2 (15 mo); 49.3 (18 mo) | Community | Healthcare | NS | English | ADOS | Good | Someg |
| Bradbury et al35 2020; US | 187 | 16–30 | 21.2 (4.1) | 58.4 | High-riskc | Healthcare | Research personnel | English | ADOS | Fair | Someg |
| Brennan et al30 2016; Albania | 2594 | 16–36 | 24 (2.8) | 50.1 | Community | Healthcare | Research personnel | Albaniane | ADOS | Fair | None |
| Christopher et al40 2021; US | 290 | 18–48 | 32.7 (7.7) | 79.6 | High-risk | NS | NS | English | ADOS | Fair | All |
| McNally Keehn et al41 2021; US | 605 | 18–48 | 30.4 (6.5) | NS | Community | Healthcare | Healthcare | English | Clinical evaluation | Fair | Somei |
| Tsai et al38 2019; Taiwan | 317 | 16–32 | 24.3 (4.4) | 52.7 | Community, High-riskc | Parent-completed via mail | NS | Mandarine | Clinical evaluation | Fair | All |
| Weitlauf et al36 2015; US | 74 | 16–21 | 18.0 (NS) | 63 | High-riskc | NS | Research personnel | English | ADOS | Fair | Somei |
| Coelho-Medeiros et al39 2019; Chile | 120 | 16–30 | 22.47 (4.22) | 64.2 | Community high-riskc | Healthcare | Healthcare provider | Spanishf | ADOS | Poor | Someh |
| Manzouri et al29 2019; Iran | 1504 | 16–30 | 20.26 (3.74) | 49.8 | Community | Healthcare | Healthcare provider | Persiand | Clinical evaluation | Poor | None |
| Sangare et al28 2019; Mali | 947 | NS | NS | NS | Community | Research | Research personnel | Frenchf | Clinical evaluation | Poor | Somei |
Healthcare provider refers to personnel at healthcare facility including but not limited to physicians and nurses. ADOS, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule; NS, not specified.
Distinct sample of 15- and 18-mo children screened with M-CHAT-R/F and rescreened at older ages; only results of initial screen included in analysis.
Ages and standard deviations rounded to the nearest tenth.
High risk samples include: siblings of children with ASD and children referred for developmental concerns for ASD.
Forward translated.
Forward and backward translated.
Translation not specified.
Evaluated based on screening tool results, physician concern, or referral for diagnostic assessment.
Evaluated based on random selection.
Evaluation reason not specified.