Table 4.

MMP inhibitors and their use after SCI

Inhibitor	Mechanism	Effects after SCI	Studies
MMP-2/MMP-9 inhibitor, subcutaneous	Inhibit MMP activity, especially MMP-9 and MMP-2	Reduced apoptosis in neurons and glia.	Dang et al., 2008
SB-3CT	Inhibit MMPs, especially MMP-9 and MMP-2	Reduced MMP activity, barrier disruption, and apoptosis.	Yu et al., 2008
GM-6001	Broad spectrum MMP inhibitor (active against MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-2, MMP-8, and MMP-9)	Tissue sparing and improved locomotor function when given over the first 3 days post-injury	Noble et al., 2002
		In dogs, GM6001+DMSO or DMSO alone improved functional recovery. NB: Authors concluded functional improvement were due to DMSO and not GM6001.	Levine et al., 2014
Lipitor	Inhibit MMP-9	Prevented endothelial dysfunction, facilitated neuroprotection, and promoted locomotor recovery	Pannu et al., 2007
Fluoxetine	Inhibit MMP -2, -MMP-9, and MMP -12	Prevented BSCB disruption, prevented infiltration of leucocytes, reduced expression of inflammatory mediators, attenuated apoptotic cell death and improved locomotor function recovery	Scali et al., 2013
ND-378	Inhibit MMP-2	No changes in long-term neurological outcomes	Gao et al., 2016
Sulforaphane	Inhibit MMP-9	Inhibited microvascular leakage and inflammatory cytokine expression	Benedict et al., 2012

BSCB: Blood-spinal cord barrier; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; MMP: matrix metalloproteases; SCI: spinal cord injury.