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. 2023 Jan 5;18(9):2005–2010. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.366491

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Effects of PBM on mitochondrial dynamics within neurons in spinal cord at 1, 7, and 14 days after SCI.

(A) Representative TEM photographs of mitochondrial morphology. Mitochondria in neurons appeared swollen at 1 day after SCI and fragmented at 7 and 14 days. Fragmentation and swelling of mitochondria was improved to varying degrees by PBM. Data were collected from 20 photographs of five rats in each group. Yellow arrowheads point to swollen mitochondria and blue arrows point to elongated mitochondria. Scale bars: 2 μm. (B–E) Quantitative analyses of the absolute number of mitochondria (B), the percentage of swollen mitochondria (C), the area of swollen mitochondria (D), and the diameter of swollen mitochondria (E) at 1 day after SCI. (F, G) Quantitative analyses of the percentage of elongated mitochondria (F) and the absolute number of mitochondria per neuron (G). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 5). The values from the area and diameter of swollen mitochondria were calculated and expressed as percentage changes versus control group. ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, vs. CON group; #P < 0.05, ####P < 0.0001, vs. SCI group; ^^^P < 0.001, ^^^^P < 0.0001, vs. 7 days post-operation (one-way analysis of variance followed by least significant difference post hoc test). CON: Control; PBM: photobiomodulation; SCI: spinal cord injury; TEM: transmission electron microscope.