Figure 1.

Schematic showing interdependency of oxidative stress and Alzheimer’s amyloidopathy in the brain of a patient with Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

The onset of close linkages between oxidative stress and amyloidopathy in the AD brain is marked by numerous exogenous (such as environmental changes, exposure to chemicals and radiation, and dietary habits) or endogenous (intracellular) causes. Oxidative stress is manifested by reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, lipid peroxidation, and subsequent modification of proteins by reactive lipid peroxidation products which results in faulty protein clearance and accumulation of toxic proteins, inflammation, and DNA damage. However, amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced oxidative stress also results in the accumulation of Aβ monomers to create amyloid fibrils and plaque which may cause tau polymerization, protein oxidation, and subsequent alterations in mitochondrial function that further progressive neuronal degeneration and memory impairment. Created with BioRender.com.