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| formulation | flux, Jss (μg/cm2/h) | apparent permeability coefficient Kapp × 102 (cm/h) | Q/A (μg/cm2) | enhancement ratio (ER) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| optimized form | 0.987 ± 0.141 | 11.84 ± 1.29 | 38.88 ± 5.1 | 1.5 |
| HCA solution | 0.663 ± 0.162 | 7.95 ± 1.4 | 19.50 ± 2.8 |
