Table 2.
Characteristics of systematic reviews’ study
| Study | Participants(M/F) | Age | Teeth | Lesion type | Interventions | Follow-up | NMA | MEAS | Outcomes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Giray 2018 | 23(13/10) | 10.78 ± 2.08 | 81 | WSLs | RI | 12(45) | 6 M | Y | DIAGNOdent | RI | -7 ± 3.67 |
| FV | 11(36) | FV | -2.36 ± 37 | ||||||||
| Vollú 2019 | 67(41/26) | 3.62 ± 1.07 | 117 | ACL | SDF | 34(65) → 31(61) | 12 M | N | ICDAS | SDF | Arr 55 Act 7 |
| ART | 33(52) → 26(45) | ART | Arr 43 Act 2 | ||||||||
| Souza 2021 | 60(36/24) | 6·8 | NI |
ACL (ICADAS = 2) |
TiF4 | 20 → 16 | 18 M | Y | QLF | TiF4 | -17.5 ± 3.9 → -14.6 ± 4.0 |
| FV | 20 → 16 | FV | -15.7 ± 3.2 → -14.9 ± 2.2 | ||||||||
| Control | 20 → 16 | Con | -16.4 ± 3.2 → -14.4 ± 2.0 | ||||||||
| Jablonski 2020 | 108 | NI | 108 | Artificial WSLs | P11-4 + FV | 36 | 1 M | Y | QLF | P11-4 + FV | -9.8 ± 3.1 → -5.3 ± 2.79 |
| FV | 36 | FV | -10.12 ± 3.13 → -8.29 ± 2.07 | ||||||||
| Control | 36 | Con | -9.7 ± 2.05 → -9.53 ± 2.51 | ||||||||
| Gözetici 2019 |
21(10/11) *4 |
15.4 ± 2.5 | NI | WSLs | RI | 21 → 20 | 6 M | Y | DIAGNOdent | RI | -23.25 ± 18.21 |
| P11-4 | 21 → 20 | P11-4 | -8.15 ± 13.89 | ||||||||
| FV | 21 → 20 | FV | -10.1 ± 10.31 | ||||||||
| Control | 21 → 20 | Con | -4.15 ± 9.72 | ||||||||
| Karabekiroğlu 2017 | 41 | 14–20 | 178 | orthodontics WSLs | CPP-ACP | 20 → 16(89) | 36 M | Y | DIAGNOdent | CPP-ACP | 13.06 ± 5.90 → 4.76 ± 2.48 |
| Control | 21 → 18(89) | Con | 12.45 ± 6.52 → 8.20 ± 4.38 | ||||||||
| Yin, W. 2013 | 463(237/226) | 11.1 ± 0.78 | NI | WSLs | Argine + MFP | 153 → 144 | 6 M | N | QLF | Argine + MFP | -9.17 ± 1.96 → -7.95 ± 1.82 |
| NaF | 155 → 147 | NaF | -9.24 ± 2.16 → -8.43 ± 2.07 | ||||||||
| Control | 155 → 147 | Con | -9.06 ± 1.82 → -8.48 ± 2.24 | ||||||||
| Abdellatif 2021 | 79(32/47) | 5.33 ± 1.0 | 237 | ACL | SDF | 40(121) → 27(82) | 12 M | N | ICDAS | SDF | Arr 81 Act 1 |
| ART | 39(116) → 26(85) | ART | Arr 80 Act 5 | ||||||||
| Rechmann 2018 | 37(21/16) |
15.9 (13.1–26.0) |
579 | orthodontics WSLs | CPP-ACFP + CPP-ACP | 19(292) → 17(260) | 12 M | N | ICDAS | CPP-ACFP + CPP-ACP | 21.9 ± 1.3 → 22.3 ± 1.4 |
| Control | 18(287) → 18(287) | Control | 21.1 ± 1.3 → 22.5 ± 1.5 | ||||||||
| Batayneh 2020 | 114(62/52) | 4.5 ± 0.5 | NI | ECLs | CPP-ACP + NaF | 37(81) → 35(77) | 6 M | Y | QLF | CPP-ACP + NaF | 2.95 ± 2.3 |
| NaF | 42(75) → 41(71) | NaF | 4.08 ± 2.8 | ||||||||
| CPP-ACP | 35(92) → 31(83) | CPP-ACP | 3.69 ± 2.7 | ||||||||
| Gokce 2017 | 45 | NI | 45 |
Artificial permanent WSLs |
Novamin | 15 | 2W | N | QLF | Novamin | 6.44 ± 0.29 |
| NaF | 15 | NaF | 5.41 ± 0.6 | ||||||||
| probiotic | 15 | probiotic | 3.26 ± 0.52 | ||||||||
| Alkilzy 2018 | 70(42/28) | 10 ± 2.7 | NI | ECLs | P11-4 + FV | 31 → 30 | 6 M | Y | DIAGNOdent | P11-4 + FV | -18.6 ± 19.8 |
| FV | 34 → 32 | FV | -1.1 ± 25.8 | ||||||||
| Bröchner 2011 | 60(27/33) → 50 | 15.2(13–18) | NI | Orthodontic WSLs | CPP-ACP | 22 | 1 M | Y | QLF | CPP-ACP | -6.68 ± 0.58 → -4.45 ± 1.82 |
| Control | 28 | Con | -7.04 ± 1.65 → 4.51 ± 2.46 | ||||||||
| Doberdoli 2020 | 90(32/58) | 11.833 ± 2.377 | 30 | ECL | FV | 30 → 23 | 12 M | Y | DIAGNOdent | FV | 5.5 ± 7.8 |
| P11-4 + FV | 30 → 27 | P11-4 + FV | -8.5 ± 5.9 | ||||||||
| P11-4 + matrix | 30 → 27 | P11-4 + matrix | -7.7 ± 7.8 | ||||||||
| Restrepo 2016 | 51(35/17) | 10.25 ± 1.14 | 51 | MIH | FV | 26 | 1 M | Y | QLF | FV | -7.47 ± 0.43 → -6.32 ± 0.5 |
| Control | 25 | Con | -7.22 ± 0.40 → -6.43 ± 0.64 | ||||||||
| Villalpando 2021 | 123(61/62) | 3–6 | NI | WSLs | NaF | 45 | 3W | N | DIAGNOdent | NaF | 17.1 ± 1.9 → 14.94 ± 2.07 |
| NaF + HA | 39 | NaF + HA | 17.13 ± 2.05 → 12.77 ± 2.34 | ||||||||
| CPP-ACFP | 39 | CPP-ACFP | 17.12 ± 2.22 → 12.32 ± 2.45 | ||||||||
| Güçlü 2016 | 21(13/8) | 8–15 | 113 |
Non orthodontic WSLs |
CPP-ACP + FV | 6 | 3 M | Y | DIAGNOdent | CPP-ACP + FV | 16.5 ± 2.0 → 3.95 ± 2.6 |
| FV | 5 | FV | 16.9 ± 2.1 → 6.18 ± 3.0 | ||||||||
| CPP-ACP | 4 | CPP-ACP | 16.7 ± 1.6 → 3.16 ± 1.3 | ||||||||
| Control | 6 | Con | 16.9 ± 2.2 → 6.42 ± 3.1 | ||||||||
| Beerens 2018 | 51(27/24) | 15.32 ± 1.6 | NI |
Orthodontic ECLs |
CPP-ACFP | 25 | 12 M | Y | QLF | CPP-ACFP | –8.07 ± 1.39 → –6.25 ± 2.36 |
| control | 26 | Con | –8.94 ± 1.72 → –7.10 ± 2.79 | ||||||||
| Beerens 2010 | 54(23/31) | 15.5 ± 1.6 | NI |
Orthodontic ECLs |
CPP-ACFP | 27 | 3 M | Y | QLF | CPP-ACFP | –8.45 ± 1.17 → –7.52 ± 1.78 |
| Control | 27 | Con | –9.10 ± 1.75 → –7.96 ± 2.76 | ||||||||
| He, T. 2016 | 211 |
16.9 (12–25) |
528 | Orthodontic WSLs | FV | 69 | 6 M | Y | QLF | FV | -13.59 ± 3.75 → -10.91 ± 3.42 |
| FM | 70 | FM | -13.15 ± 3.75 → -11.03 ± 3.15 | ||||||||
| Control | 72 | Con | -13.21 ± 3.39 → -12.14 ± 3.02 | ||||||||
| Srisilapanan 2013 | 331(182/149) | 11.3 ± 0.2 | NI | ECLs | Arigine + MFP | 166 | 6 M | N | QLF | Arigine + MFP | -8.56 ± 2.25 → -7.65 ± 1.79 |
| MFP | 165 | MFP | -8.68 ± 2.31 → -7.97 ± 2.09 | ||||||||
| Sitthisettapong 2015 | 79(38/41) |
37.51 ± 2.93 month |
NI | ECLs | CPP-ACP | 40 | 12 M | Y | QLF | CPP-ACP | -13.27 ± 3.98 → -12.39 ± 4.26 |
| Control | 39 | Con | -13.80 ± 4.30 → -11.97 ± 4.03 | ||||||||
| Kaaij 2015 | 32 |
13.3 (10.0–16.6) |
NI | Orthodontic WSLs | FR | 11 | 6W | N | QLF | FR | -11.6 ± 5.0 |
| Control | 21 | Con | -10.3 ± 3.0(final value) | ||||||||
| Guo, X. 2022 | 130(76/54) | 18.5 ± 3.9 | NI | ECLs | FV | 65 | 3 M | Y | QLF | FV | 3.86 ± 9.05 |
| Control | 65 | Control | 0.61 ± 8.27 | ||||||||
| Singh 2016 | 41(18/23) | 18.31 ± 3.34 | NI | Orthodontic WSLs | CPP-ACP | 14 | 6 M | Y | DIAGNOdent | CPP-ACP | 119.07 ± 36.27 → 100.64 ± 42.33 |
| FV | 13 | FV | 105.54 ± 25.20 → 88.85 ± 30.41 | ||||||||
| Control | 14 | Con | 131.43 ± 41.42 → 118.71 ± 46.46 | ||||||||
| Lena 2021 | 30 | NR | 30 | Artificial bovine WSLs | P11-4 | 10 | 3W | Y | QLF | P11-4 | 14.39 ± 6.94 |
| FV | 10 | FV | 10.78 ± 11.42 | ||||||||
| Control | 10 | Control | 17.66 ± 4.91 | ||||||||
| Turska 2016 | 81(47/34) | 3.8 ± 1.3 | 346 | ECLs | RI + FV | 41 | 12 M | N | ICDAS | RI + FV | Arr 31 Act 10 |
| FV | 40 | FV | Arr 13 Act 27 | ||||||||
| Yuan 2013 | 52 | NI | NI |
Artificial Permanent WSLs |
RI | 13 | 1.5 M | N | QLF | Not suitable | |
| CPP-ACP | 13 | ||||||||||
| FV | 13 | ||||||||||
| Control | 13 | ||||||||||
| Bailey 2009 | 45(22/23) |
15.5 (12.3–18.9) |
NI | Orthodontic WSLs | CPP-ACP | 23(207) | 3 M | N | ICDAS | CPP-ACP | pro 10 sta 48 re 149 |
| Control | 22(201) | Control | pro 3 sta 80 re 118 | ||||||||
| Simon 2022 | 60(25/35) | 13–15 | NI | Orthodontic WSLs | RI | 27 | 12 M | Y | Area change | RI | 15.56 ± 12.6 → 2.17 ± 2 |
| CPP-ACP | 29 | CPP-ACP | 11.76 ± 6.8 → 2.6 ± 2.1 | ||||||||
| Ciftci 2018 | 39(17/22) | 8·16 | 96 | Orthodontic WSLs | RI | 21 | 3 M | Y | DIAGNOdent | RI | 11.02 ± 2.63 → 3.22 ± 1.32 |
| FV | 18 | FV | 12.25 ± 2.73 → 6 ± 2.42 | ||||||||
| Kannan 2019 | 12(5/7) | 14–30 | 193 | Orthodontic WSLs | RI | 6 | 6 M | Y | DIAGNOdent | RI | 4.48 ± 1.42 → 1.48 ± 0.81 |
| FV | 6 → 5 | FV | 4.60 ± 1.29 → 1.08 ± 0.51 | ||||||||
| Sedlakova 2020 | 44(18/26) | 27.1 (15–39) | 88 |
Non orthodontic WSLs |
P11-4 + FV | 40 | 9 M | Y | DIAGNOdent | P11-4 + FV | 6.7 ± 5.3 → 6.8 ± 5.7 |
| FV | 40 | FV | 6.5 ± 4.9 → 6.4 ± 5.2 | ||||||||
| Sedlakova 2020 | 44(18/26) | 27.1 (15–39) | 88 |
Non orthodontic WSLs |
P11-4 | 43 | 3 M | Y | DIAGNOdent | P11-4 + FV | 6.7 ± 5.3 → 6.7 ± 4.5 |
| Control | 43 | FV | 6.5 ± 4.9 → 6.5 ± 4.6 | ||||||||
| Welk 2020 | 23(10/13) | 15.4 | 46 → 40 | Orthodontic WSLs | P11-4 | 23 → 20 | 6 M | Y | Area change | P11-4 | -2.7 ± 1.7 |
| Control | 23 → 20 | Control | -1.5 ± 1.3 | ||||||||
| Kobeissi 2020 | 9(4/5) | 11.11 ± 3.8 | NI | WSLs | P11-4 | 20 | 6 M | Y | DIAGNOdent | P11-4 | -41.39 ± 16.73% |
| FV | 20 | FV | -32.72 ± 7.84% | ||||||||
| Bröseler2020 | 37(17/20) | 21.8 ± 5.9 | 90 | WSLs | P11-4 | 36 | 6 M | Y | Area change | P11-4 | 1 ± 0.74 → 0.844 ± 0.215 |
| FV | 36 | FV | 1 ± 0.67 → 1.029 ± 0.235 | ||||||||
| Bröseler2020 | 37(17/20) | 21.8 ± 5.9 | 88 | WSLs | P11-4 + FV | 36 | 12 M | Y | Area change | P11-4 + FV | 1 ± 0.74 → 0.862 ± 0.352 |
| FV | 36 | FV | 1 ± 0.67 → 1.068 ± 0.401 | ||||||||
| Üstün 2019 | 32(16 × 2) | NI | 16 |
Artificial permanent WSLs |
P11-4 | 8 | 1 M | Y | DIAGNOdent | P11-4 | 11.0 ± 2.0 → 4.1 ± 0.4 |
| FV | 8 | FV | 13.8 ± 2.4 → 10.1 ± 2.2 | ||||||||
| CPP-ACFP | 8 | CPP-ACFP | 13.5 ± 1.9 → 8.5 ± 2.3 | ||||||||
| Control | 8 | Con | 11.6 ± 3.9 → 10.3 ± 3.0 | ||||||||
| Heravi 2018 | 24(11/13) | 16 ± 3 | NI | Orthodontic WSLs | CPP-ACFP | 12 | 3 M | Y | Area change | CPP-ACFP | -3.34 ± 1.08 |
| Control | 12 | Con | -0.61 ± 0.58 | ||||||||
| Tomaževič 2022 | 42(28/14) | 17.4 ± 2.8 | NI | Orthodontic WSLs | FV | 21 | 6 m | Y | DIAGNOdent | FV | 2.8 ± 1.3 → 2.0 ± 1.9 |
| Control | 21 | Con | 3.1 ± 2.6 → 2.0 ± 1.7 | ||||||||
| Memarpour 2015 | 90 |
21.20 ± 6.76 Month |
NI | WSLs | Control | 31 | 12 M | Y | Area change | Control | -0.1 ± 1.12 |
| FV | 29 | FV | -0.51 ± 0.56 | ||||||||
| CPP-ACP | 30 | CPP-ACP | -0.63 ± 0.62 | ||||||||
| Mehta 2013 | 45 | NI | 45 |
Artificial permanent WSLs |
CPP-ACP | 15 | 3W | Y | Light fluorescence device | CPP-ACP | 1.47 ± 0.17 → 1.05 ± 0.06 |
| CPP-ACFP | 15 | CPP-ACFP | 1.47 ± 0.53 → 0.95 ± 0.06 | ||||||||
| Control | 15 | Control | 1.55 ± 0.18 → 1.01 ± 0.04 | ||||||||
| Llena 2015 | 80 | 6–14 | NI | ECLs | CPP-ACP | 20 | 3 M | Y | DIAGNOdent | CPP-ACP | 4.91 ± 3.28 → 3.77 ± 3.33 |
| CPP-ACFP | 20 | CPP-ACFP | 4.7 ± 3.42 → 3.12 ± 3.11 | ||||||||
| FV | 20 | FV | 5.23 ± 4.47 → 4.09 ± 3.60 | ||||||||
| Control | 20 | Control | 4.44 ± 3.95 → 3.96 ± 2.31 |
NI no information, WSLs white spot lesions, ECLs early caries lesions, ACL active caries lesions, MIH molar incisor hypo-mineralization, RI resin infiltration, FV fluoride varnish, FM fluoride film, FR fluoride rinse, SDF silver diamine fluoride, ART atraumatic restorative treatment, Arr arrested, Act active, MFP sodium monofluorophosphate; In the intervention section, the number in parentheses refers to the number of teeth or the number of lesions