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. 2023 Jun 1;11:123. doi: 10.1186/s40168-023-01561-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Effects of introducing opportunistic pathogens on planktonic and biofilm microbiota with sucrose. A Bacteria relative abundance within planktonic phases and biofilms when introducing S. mutants and/or C. albicans. B Alpha diversity of planktonic and biofilm samples with different pathogens. C Principle coordinates analysis plot of Bray–Curtis dissimilarity between samples with S. mutants and/or C. albicans. X and Y axis show the percentage of total variance captured. D Difference in log2-transformed abundances of bacterial species as a result of adding S. mutants and/or C. albicans. Bars indicate ± standard error in the linear mixed-effects model. Taxa shown are those that had FDR < 0.05 in the linear mixed-effects model. Ca—C. albicans, Sm—S. mutans, CaSm—C. albicans + S. mutans