Table 4.
Annual out-of-pocket expenditures as a proportion of total annual household expenditures
| Annual outpatient costs as a % Total household expenditure (95% CI) | Annual routine care cost as a % of Total household expenditure (95% CI) |
Annual inpatient cost as a % of Total household expenditure (95% CI) |
Annual total healthcare cost as a % of Total household expenditure (95% CI) |
Annual transport cost as a % of Total household expenditure (95% CI) |
Annual total costs (healthcare + transport) as a % of Total household expenditure (95% CI) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socioeconomic status | |||||||
| Quintile 1 (Poorest) | 22.2 (11.7–32.8) | 9.1 (5.9–12.3) | 7.0 (3.5–10.6) | 26.5 (16.3–36.8) | 6.2 (3.9–8.6) | 31.4 (20.3–42.4) | < 0.001 † |
| Quintile 2 | 12.3 (9.7–14.9) | 4.4 (3.1–5.6) | 3.7 (1.8–5.7) | 14.1 (11.5–16.7) | 3.4 (2.8–4.1) | 17.0 (14.1–19.8) | |
| Quintile 3 | 9.9 (7.2–12.5) | 4.1 (2.5–5.8) | 7.3 (0.7–13.9) | 13.5 (9.9–17.1) | 2.7 (2.0-3.5) | 15.9 (11.9–19.9) | |
| Quintile 4 | 9.4 (6.0-12.8) | 3.2 (2.1–4.3) | 9.2 (3.1–15.3) | 13.4 (8.7–18.1) | 2.6 (1.9–3.2) | 15.5 (10.8–20.3) | |
| Quintile 5 (Richest) | 10.2 (4.8–15.7) | 4.0 (1.6–6.4) | 6.7 (1.2–12.2) | 13.1 (7.3–18.8) | 1.8 (1.3–2.2) | 14.1 (8.5–19.6) | |
| NHIF enrolment (Wave 1 to 4) | |||||||
| Active NHIF | 10.9 (4.9–16.9) | 2.4 (1.0-3.8) | 8.5 (-1.0-18.1) | 12.4 (6.4–18.4) | 4.3 (2.5–6.2) | 15.1 (8.9–21.4) | 0.004 ‡ |
| No NHIF (Inactive + No NHIF) | 22.2 (5.5–38.9) | 2.6 (1.4–3.8) | 3.2 (1.0-5.3) | 23.2 (7.0-39.3) | 5.8 (2.1–9.6) | 27.4 (10.4–44.4) | |
| NHIF enrolment (Wave 1 to 4) | |||||||
| Active NHIF | 10.9 (4.9–16.8) | 2.4 (1.1–3.7) | 8.5 (-0.7-17.8) | 12.4 (6.4–18.3) | 4.3 (2.5–6.2) | 15.1 (8.9–21.4) | 0.002 † |
| No NHIF (Inactive + No NHIF) | 22.2 (5.6–38.8) | 2.6 (1.5–3.8) | 3.2 (1.1–5.2) | 23.2 (7.1–39.2) | 5.8 (2.1–9.6) | 27.4 (10.5–44.3) | |
| Partial NHIF* | 11.6 (9.6–13.7) | 5.3 (4.2–6.4) | 7.4 (4.610.2) | 15.5 (13.1–17.9) | 2.8 (2.5–3.2) | 18.0 (15.5–20.5) | |
| Wave 1 NHIF status | |||||||
| Active NHIF | 12.0 (9.3–14.7) | 5.0 (3.6–6.3) | 7.8 (3.6–12.1) | 15.4 (12.1–18.6) | 3.6 (2.9–4.2) | 18.0 (14.7–21.4) | 0.289‡ |
| No NHIF (Inactive + No NHIF) | 13.4 (9.3–17.4) | 4.9 (3.5–6.2) | 6.3 (3.6-9.0) | 16.7 (12.6–20.8) | 3.2 (2.3-4.0) | 19.4 (15.0-23.8) | |
| NCD status | |||||||
| Comorbid | 14.8 (9.6–20.1) | 4.8 (3.2–6.4) | 7.9 (4.0-11.9) | 18.4 (13.0-23.7) | 3.3 (2.6-4.0) | 21.1 (15.4–26.8) | 0.924† |
| Diabetes | 10.3 (6.9–13.6) | 6.7 (2.9–10.6) | 3.8 (0.7-7.0) | 13.3 (9.4–17.2) | 3.0 (2.2–3.8) | 15.6 (11.3–19.9) | |
| Hypertension | 11.4 (8.9–13.9) | 4.5 (3.4–5.6) | 7.2 (3.4–11.1) | 14.6 (11.6–17.6) | 3.5 (2.5–4.6) | 17.4 (14.2–20.7) | |
| County | |||||||
| Busia | 11.0 (8.9–13.2) | 4.6 (3.4–5.8) | 4.6 (3.4–5.8) | 14.1 (11.6–16.6) | 3.6 (2.7–4.5) | 17.0 (14.2–19.8) | 0.643‡ |
| Trans Nzoia | 14.5 (9.8–19.2) | 5.2 (3.7–6.8) | 5.2 (3.7–6.8) | 18.2 (13.3–23.1) | 3.1 (2.5–3.5) | 20.7 (15.6–25.7) |
* Includes households that changed from active to inactive/no NHIF enrolment or vice versa over one year, † Kruskal Wallis test, ‡ Mann-Whitney test
Notes: significant p-values at 5% level of significance in bold