Table 2.
Transportation patterns according to health characteristics and outdoor mobility.
| Factors | Overall (n = 119) | Flexible (n = 30) | Only use private vehicle (n = 61) | Restricted (n = 28) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biophysical factors | |||||
| Number of comorbidities | 0.041 | ||||
| No comorbidities | 25 (21) | 2 (6.7) | 12 (19.7) | 11 (39.3) | |
| 1–3 comorbidities | 78 (65.5) | 24 (80) | 39 (63.9) | 15 (53.6) | |
| 4 or more comorbidities | 16 (13.4) | 4 (13.3) | 10 (16.4) | 2 (7.1) | |
| Anthropometric | |||||
| BMI, kg/m2, n (%) | 0.978 | ||||
| Underweight | 27 (22.7) | 8 (26.7) | 13 (21.3) | 6 (21.4) | |
| Normal | 44 (37) | 11 (36.7) | 23 (37.7) | 10 (35.7) | |
| Overweight | 48 (40.3) | 11 (36.7) | 25 (41) | 12 (42.9) | |
| Malnutrition assessment, score, n (%) | 0.409 | ||||
| Normal nutritional status | 65 (54.6) | 20 (66.7) | 32 (52.5) | 13 (46.4) | |
| At risk of malnutrition | 49 (41.2) | 8 (26.7) | 27 (44.3) | 14 (50) | |
| Malnourished | 5 (4.2) | 2 (6.7) | 2 (3.3) | 1 (3.6) | |
| Physical performance/status | |||||
| SARC-F, frail, n (%) | 75 (63) | 18 (60) | 34 (55.7) | 23 (82.1) | 0.052 |
| Not frail | 44 (37) | 12 (40) | 27 (44.3) | 5 (17.9) | |
| IADL, independent, n (%) | 101 (84.9) | 25 (83.3) | 58 (95.1) | 18 (64.3) | 0.001 |
| dependent | 18 (15.1) | 5 (16.7) | 3 (4.9) | 10 (35.7) | |
| Handgrip strength, normal, n (%) | 61 (51.3) | 15 (50) | 28 (45.9) | 18 (64.3) | 0.270 |
| Timed up and go, at risk of fall, n (%) | 75 (64.7) | 20 (66.7) | 40 (65.6) | 16 (57.1) | 0.695 |
| Gait speed, normal, n (%) | 71 (59.7) | 16 (53.3) | 41 (67.2) | 14 (50) | 0.220 |
| Outdoor mobility, frequent, n (%) | 62 (52.1) | 11 (36.7) | 39 (63.9) | 12 (42.9) | 0.027 |
| Healthcare Visit, frequent, n (%) | 58 (56.3) | 17 (60.7) | 30 (57.7) | 11 (42.3) | 0.332 |
| Vision | |||||
| Visual acuity, VI, n (%) | 37 (31.1) | 8 (26.7) | 20 (32.8) | 9 (32.1) | 0.831 |
| Contrast sensitivity, log CS, mean (SD) | 1.47 (0.18) | 1.45 (0.23) | 1.50 (0.14) | 1.45 (0.20) | 0.335 |
| Hearing | |||||
| Four frequency average, HL, n (%) | 19 (16) | 5 (16.7) | 8 (13.1) | 6 (21.4) | 0.576 |
| Five high frequency Average, HL, n (%) | 43 (36.1) | 9 (30) | 25 (41) | 9 (32.1) | 0.521 |
| Psychological factors | |||||
| GDS, depression, n (%) | 25 (21) | 4 (13.3) | 12 (19.7) | 9 (32.1) | 0.200 |
| IDEA, mean (SD) | 13.94 (1.62) | 13.27 (1.89) | 14.21 (1.57) | 14.07 (1.18) | 0.027 |
| Fear of fall, n (%) | 0.035 | ||||
| Yes | 52 (43.7) | 15 (50) | 20 (32.8) | 17 (60.7) | |
| No | 67 (56.3) | 15 (50) | 41 (67.2) | 11 (39.3) |
Depending on the scale of measurement, X2 tests, or ANOVAs were calculated. VI, vision impairment; HL, hearing loss. Bold value indicate significance at p <0.05.