Table 2.
OLS Regressions Models with Hospital Fixed Effects and no case-mix controls.
| (1) Admissions | (2) Discharges | (3) Net Admissions | (4) Length of Stay at Discharge | (5) Bed Days | (6) Occupied Beds | (7) Patients with Outpatient Appt | (8) Total Outpatient Appointments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| March 2020 | −6.70 | 71.05*** | −77.73*** | −3.42 | −766.67* | −23.16* | −5.06 | −15.16 |
| (-30.08,16.68) | (37.67,104.42) | (-103.30,-52.16) | (-9.18,2.35) | (-1424.05,-109.29) | (-44.36,-1.96) | (-12.57,2.46) | (-59.88,29.55) | |
| April | −18.55 | −11.75 | −6.77 | 13.64 | −2708.19*** | −90.80*** | −3.98 | 744.33** |
| (-45.70,8.61) | (-40.05,16.54) | (-17.24,3.70) | (-4.47,31.75) | (-3580.14,-1836.23) | (-119.82,-61.77) | (-11.52,3.56) | (275.52,1,213.13) | |
| May | 0.91 | −29.97* | 30.96*** | −4.52 | −2428.66*** | −76.71*** | 2.30 | 952.10** |
| (-25.92,27.74) | (-54.54,-5.41) | (20.42,41.49) | (-13.24,4.19) | (-3292.27,-1565.06) | (-104.65,-48.77) | (-5.10,9.70) | (406.15,1,498.06) | |
| June | 19.82 | −3.54 | 23.16*** | −6.69* | −1664.10*** | −55.84*** | 9.62* | 1467.72** |
| (-9.80,49.45) | (-30.47,23.39) | (12.80,33.53) | (-11.79,-1.60) | (-2552.18,-776.02) | (-85.30,-26.39) | (1.03,18.21) | (409.80,2,525.63) | |
| July | 20.04 | 6.42 | 13.64* | −2.77 | −1011.80* | −31.07* | 11.61* | 1549.48** |
| (-10.41,50.49) | (-23.22,36.05) | (1.74,25.55) | (-9.38,3.84) | (-1969.52,-54.07) | (-62.04,-0.10) | (2.33,20.89) | (436.86,2,662.10) | |
| August | 12.67 | −11.50 | 24.23*** | −24.41*** | −494.00 | −14.32 | 7.34 | 1226.36** |
| (-23.49,48.83) | (-45.91,22.91) | (11.99,36.47) | (-31.34,-17.48) | (-1505.45,517.45) | (-47.03,18.40) | (-4.65,19.33) | (426.46,2,026.27) | |
| September | 12.35 | 12.82 | −0.45 | −23.12*** | −150.47 | −5.54 | 6.70 | 998.23** |
| (-29.11,53.81) | (-30.94,56.57) | (-7.81,6.92) | (-31.13,-15.11) | (-1199.48,898.54) | (-40.43,29.36) | (-7.00,20.40) | (269.48,1,726.97) | |
| October | 6.65 | −0.57 | 7.30 | −21.55*** | −156.70 | −3.44 | 4.68 | 1014.63*** |
| (-25.99,39.30) | (-35.48,34.34) | (-2.85,17.45) | (-29.65,-13.45) | (-1178.37,864.96) | (-36.52,29.65) | (-5.00,14.35) | (488.95,1,540.31) | |
| November | −8.92 | −20.86 | 11.95* | −21.10*** | 78.52 | 2.09 | −0.46 | 815.62*** |
| (-35.79,17.94) | (-46.94,5.22) | (1.96,21.95) | (-28.09,-14.12) | (-982.94,1,139.98) | (-33.19,37.38) | (-7.45,6.52) | (379.74,1,251.50) | |
| December | −0.06 | −6.58 | 6.53 | −16.94*** | 355.43 | 13.04 | 3.38 | 935.33** |
| (-26.64,26.51) | (-35.16,22.00) | (-1.73,14.79) | (-24.03,-9.86) | (-698.26,1,409.13) | (-21.15,47.22) | (-3.24,10.00) | (389.58,1,481.08) | |
| January 2021 | −2.71 | −12.87 | 10.18 | −17.55*** | 517.05 | 18.51 | 8.32 | 978.15** |
| (-40.69,35.28) | (-47.06,21.33) | (-3.72,24.08) | (-25.70,-9.39) | (-597.37,1,631.48) | (-17.66,54.69) | (-4.35,21.00) | (420.26,1,536.05) | |
| February | 16.22 | 1.55 | 14.69** | −15.69*** | 838.60 | 27.56 | 19.11* | 1481.36*** |
| (-22.81,55.25) | (-39.07,42.18) | (5.76,23.61) | (-23.49,-7.89) | (-279.72,1,956.92) | (-11.44,66.55) | (1.33,36.90) | (710.28,2,252.45) | |
| March | 18.14 | 20.66 | −2.50 | −17.89*** | 1117.70 | 38.15 | 25.23** | 2233.21** |
| (-19.10,55.38) | (-27.26,68.59) | (-22.81,17.82) | (-26.26,-9.52) | (-182.47,2,417.88) | (-4.01,80.31) | (6.81,43.65) | (897.49,3,568.92) | |
| Year Trend | −0.73 | 0.27 | −1.01** | 1.87** | −649.56*** | −21.48*** | −1.10 | −6.96 |
| (-5.47,4.02) | (-4.37,4.92) | (-1.64,-0.38) | (0.51,3.24) | (-936.19,-362.92) | (-30.93,-12.03) | (-3.76,1.56) | (-23.98,10.05) | |
| Jan FE | −2.12 | 1.27 | −3.38 | 0.85 | 77.13 | 2.75 | 0.53 | 1.94 |
| (-11.25,7.02) | (-14.92,17.46) | (-14.16,7.40) | (-1.68,3.38) | (-100.66,254.92) | (-3.05,8.55) | (-2.57,3.63) | (-13.73,17.61) | |
| Feb FE | −14.52*** | −14.93* | 0.41 | −1.47 | −865.90*** | −0.28 | −3.55** | −14.82* |
| (-21.82,-7.23) | (-26.91,-2.96) | (-10.70,11.52) | (-4.07,1.14) | (-1081.52,-650.29) | (-3.78,3.22) | (-6.09,-1.02) | (-27.47,-2.18) | |
| Apr FE | −7.19 | −6.72 | −0.47 | 2.53 | −322.59*** | 0.18 | −0.33 | 6.07 |
| (-17.37,2.99) | (-23.60,10.16) | (-11.03,10.08) | (-0.88,5.95) | (-470.37,-174.81) | (-5.18,5.53) | (-3.18,2.51) | (-5.32,17.46) | |
| May FE | 2.98 | 2.13 | 0.80 | 2.22 | 52.59 | 1.64 | 2.24 | 16.95 |
| (-8.08,14.05) | (-14.85,19.11) | (-8.30,9.89) | (-2.64,7.07) | (-176.25,281.42) | (-5.73,9.00) | (-1.87,6.35) | (-8.68,42.58) | |
| Jun FE | 1.05 | 3.07 | −2.02 | 1.20 | −267.72* | 2.02 | 2.91 | 20.31 |
| (-9.83,11.92) | (-14.93,21.07) | (-11.12,7.08) | (-3.31,5.71) | (-497.24,-38.21) | (-5.84,9.87) | (-0.95,6.77) | (-1.52,42.15) | |
| Jul FE | 3.78 | 4.30 | −0.52 | −0.54 | −24.10 | −0.78 | 3.22 | 13.65 |
| (-8.06,15.62) | (-14.16,22.76) | (-10.74,9.70) | (-2.97,1.90) | (-262.09,213.90) | (-8.45,6.90) | (-0.44,6.88) | (-0.86,28.16) | |
| Aug FE | −1.74 | −0.04 | −1.74 | −1.45 | −51.63 | −1.71 | 2.64 | 6.58 |
| (-12.73,9.25) | (-17.42,17.33) | (-12.16,8.69) | (-4.60,1.69) | (-316.59,213.34) | (-10.26,6.83) | (-0.56,5.84) | (-7.88,21.05) | |
| Sept FE | −6.01 | −2.96 | −3.06 | 1.29 | −430.83** | −3.43 | 1.58 | 10.87 |
| (-17.52,5.49) | (-20.15,14.24) | (-12.92,6.80) | (-0.91,3.49) | (-705.97,-155.69) | (-12.41,5.55) | (-2.36,5.51) | (-5.00,26.73) | |
| Oct FE | 0.94 | 2.58 | −1.70 | 2.45 | −170.19 | −5.54 | 3.64 | 17.02 |
| (-10.73,12.61) | (-14.22,19.37) | (-10.46,7.06) | (-0.45,5.36) | (-465.65,125.28) | (-15.06,3.99) | (-0.43,7.71) | (-4.81,38.86) | |
| Nov FE | −6.85 | −0.24 | −6.61 | 3.46* | −581.19*** | −8.44 | 0.15 | 5.66 |
| (-18.42,4.72) | (-19.37,18.88) | (-17.23,4.02) | (0.63,6.29) | (-850.47,-311.90) | (-17.05,0.16) | (-3.90,4.19) | (-9.96,21.28) | |
| Dec FE | −10.90* | −6.64 | −4.26 | −0.70 | −518.36*** | −16.72*** | −2.73 | −7.20 |
| (-21.56,-0.24) | (-23.08,9.80) | (-14.35,5.83) | (-3.66,2.27) | (-735.55,-301.17) | (-23.73,-9.72) | (-6.16,0.69) | (-23.36,8.96) | |
| Constant | 1652.15 | −372.79 | 2036.55** | −3725.95** | 1320343.29*** | 43,648.65*** | 2268.54 | 14,213.67 |
| (-7919.52,11,223.83) | (-9741.30,8,995.72) | (769.83,3,303.27) | (-6475.93,-975.97) | (742,077.29,1898609.30) | (24,585.95,62,711.36) | (-3094.70,7,631.78) | (-20,121.20,48,548.54) | |
| Hospital FE |
YES |
YES |
YES |
YES |
YES |
YES |
YES |
YES |
| N | 2019 | 2023 | 2019 | 1981 | 2019 | 2019 | 2019 | 2019 |
| R2 Adjusted | 0.0135 | 0.0302 | 0.1543 | 0.1374 | 0.3528 | 0.3458 | 0.0243 | 0.2633 |
| R2 Within | 0.0258 | 0.0422 | 0.1648 | 0.1483 | 0.3608 | 0.3539 | 0.0364 | 0.2724 |
| R2 Between |
0.1366 |
0.0000 |
0.0000 |
0.0331 |
0.0957 |
0.1059 |
0.0670 |
0.0774 |
| Joint Significance 1st Lockdown |
28.19 (−120,177) |
20.69 (−120,162) |
7.49 (−32,47) |
−28.17 (−63,7) |
−9073.42*** (−13643,-4503) |
−291.89*** (−441,-142) |
21.83 (−21,65) |
5924.83** (2,231,9,618) |
| Joint Significance Whole Period | 69.86 (−293,432) | 15.85 (−342,372) | 55.19* (2, 108) | −162.01*** (−243,81) | −6473.28*** (−17588,4,642) | −201.51 (−567,163) | 88.79 (−20,198) | 14381.36*** (7,131,21,631) |
***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p<0.05%.
95% Confidence intervals in parenthesis. Clustered standard errors. Greyed rows represent the first English lockdown.