Table 3.
OLS Regressions Models with Hospital Fixed Effects and case-mix controls.
| (1)Admissions | (2)Discharges | (3) Net Admissions | (4)Length of Stay at Discharge | (5)Bed Days | (6)Occupied Beds | (7)Patients with Outpatient Appt | (8)Total Outpatient Appointments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| March 2020 | −6.70 | 64.98*** | −78.28*** | −2.77 | −823.63* | −24.92* | −7.33* | −49.81 |
| (-30.08,16.68) | (36.61,93.35) | (-103.77,-52.79) | (-8.52,2.99) | (-1485.02,-162.25) | (-46.35,-3.48) | (-13.58,-1.07) | (-100.99,1.37) | |
| April | −18.55 | −4.94 | −9.47 | 10.60 | −2812.32*** | −94.07*** | −4.25 | 726.97** |
| (-45.70,8.61) | (-27.72,17.85) | (-19.53,0.58) | (-6.40,27.60) | (-3746.34,-1878.31) | (-125.14,-63.00) | (-11.58,3.08) | (217.81,1,236.13) | |
| May | 0.91 | −24.31* | 29.94*** | −6.36 | −2506.78*** | −79.25*** | 2.26 | 965.54** |
| (-25.92,27.74) | (-45.73,-2.90) | (20.18,39.70) | (-13.77,1.06) | (-3375.07,-1638.49) | (-107.42,-51.08) | (-4.69,9.21) | (398.43,1,532.65) | |
| June | 19.82 | 1.10 | 21.78*** | −7.71** | −1719.38*** | −57.67*** | 9.55* | 1465.60** |
| (-9.80,49.45) | (-23.77,25.97) | (11.73,31.82) | (-12.86,-2.56) | (-2518.56,-920.20) | (-84.30,-31.03) | (1.39,17.71) | (423.95,2,507.25) | |
| July | 20.04 | 6.86 | 13.61* | −3.26 | −1093.89* | −33.82* | 11.06* | 1563.69** |
| (-10.41,50.49) | (-20.42,34.14) | (2.07,25.15) | (-9.16,2.63) | (-2072.21,-115.58) | (-65.51,-2.14) | (1.89,20.23) | (435.86,2,691.52) | |
| August | 12.67 | −15.19 | 22.91*** | −23.97*** | −579.39 | −16.91 | 5.64 | 1203.37** |
| (-23.49,48.83) | (-42.13,11.75) | (11.96,33.86) | (-30.38,-17.57) | (-1602.18,443.41) | (-50.11,16.28) | (-4.44,15.72) | (418.15,1,988.59) | |
| September | 12.35 | 14.45 | −2.01 | −24.11*** | −204.46 | −7.32 | 7.14 | 975.60** |
| (-29.11,53.81) | (-21.61,50.51) | (-9.64,5.62) | (-30.30,-17.92) | (-1129.13,720.21) | (-38.07,23.43) | (-4.89,19.17) | (293.06,1,658.14) | |
| October | 6.65 | −2.15 | 6.10 | −21.15*** | −172.76 | −3.83 | 4.26 | 1013.80*** |
| (-25.99,39.30) | (-29.25,24.96) | (-4.50,16.69) | (-28.31,-13.99) | (-1179.22,833.70) | (-36.47,28.82) | (-3.66,12.18) | (474.51,1,553.09) | |
| November | −8.92 | −20.68 | 11.15* | −22.28*** | 7.66 | −0.02 | −0.53 | 809.12*** |
| (-35.79,17.94) | (-45.73,4.36) | (0.81,21.49) | (-28.18,-16.38) | (-976.04,991.37) | (-32.73,32.69) | (-6.57,5.50) | (361.46,1,256.78) | |
| December | −0.06 | −7.25 | 5.87 | −17.41*** | 386.10 | 14.15 | 3.81 | 925.36** |
| (-26.64,26.51) | (-35.76,21.26) | (-3.06,14.79) | (-23.64,-11.18) | (-683.02,1,455.22) | (-20.60,48.89) | (-3.32,10.94) | (374.43,1,476.28) | |
| January 2021 | −2.71 | −15.63 | 8.52 | −16.83*** | 398.19 | 14.69 | 7.88 | 966.56** |
| (-40.69,35.28) | (-44.45,13.20) | (-5.47,22.52) | (-24.66,-9.00) | (-662.62,1,459.00) | (-19.83,49.20) | (-3.56,19.31) | (398.49,1,534.63) | |
| February | 16.22 | −0.14 | 13.35** | −14.72*** | 771.95 | 25.34 | 19.50* | 1486.88*** |
| (-22.81,55.25) | (-29.54,29.25) | (4.81,21.88) | (-21.75,-7.70) | (-370.65,1,914.55) | (-14.39,65.08) | (2.19,36.81) | (733.02,2,240.75) | |
| March | 18.14 | 19.55 | −3.57 | −14.54** | 1260.14 | 42.88 | 28.43* | 2260.94** |
| (-19.10,55.38) | (-19.71,58.81) | (-24.33,17.19) | (-22.96,-6.12) | (-251.07,2,771.35) | (-6.32,92.08) | (5.22,51.65) | (987.25,3,534.64) | |
| Year Trend | −0.73 | 1.14 | −1.00* | 1.51* | −660.96*** | −21.87*** | −0.99 | −3.85 |
| (-5.47,4.02) | (-4.00,6.28) | (-1.80,-0.19) | (0.06,2.96) | (-941.90,-380.02) | (-31.14,-12.60) | (-3.94,1.97) | (-26.18,18.47) | |
| % Female Admissions | −2.12 | 1.16 | −2.92 | 1.04 | 102.43 | 3.54 | 0.78 | 6.60 |
| (-11.25,7.02) | (-13.38,15.71) | (-13.50,7.66) | (-1.69,3.77) | (-75.97,280.83) | (-2.27,9.36) | (-1.96,3.53) | (-18.04,31.25) | |
| % 65+ Age Admissions | −14.52*** | −17.74** | 0.66 | −0.74 | −861.35*** | −0.11 | −4.05** | −25.77* |
| (-21.82,-7.23) | (-29.99,-5.49) | (-10.33,11.64) | (-3.52,2.04) | (-1093.23,-629.47) | (-4.70,4.48) | (-6.71,-1.39) | (-47.76,-3.78) | |
| % Schizophrenia Admissions | −7.19 | 2.71 | −1.33 | 0.20 | −289.08* | 1.28 | 1.49 | 37.97 |
| (-17.37,2.99) | (-12.86,18.28) | (-12.01,9.35) | (-2.78,3.18) | (-535.60,-42.55) | (-7.24,9.79) | (-1.35,4.32) | (-13.71,89.65) | |
| % Admissions with Comorbidities | 2.98 | 9.48 | 0.45 | 0.08 | 134.01 | 4.32 | 3.96 | 38.16 |
| (-8.08,14.05) | (-6.46,25.43) | (-8.76,9.66) | (-4.57,4.73) | (-154.71,422.73) | (-5.04,13.68) | (-0.14,8.06) | (-1.87,78.19) | |
| % Formally Detained Admissions | 1.05 | 10.05 | −2.53 | −0.86 | −236.20 | 3.06 | 4.14* | 37.85 |
| (-9.83,11.92) | (-6.20,26.31) | (-11.59,6.53) | (-4.48,2.77) | (-527.43,55.04) | (-6.80,12.91) | (0.37,7.92) | (-0.83,76.53) | |
| % Non-White Admissions | 3.78 | 11.05 | −0.87 | −2.25 | 60.93 | 2.05 | 4.75** | 31.42 |
| (-8.06,15.62) | (-5.49,27.59) | (-11.07,9.33) | (-4.64,0.14) | (-191.13,312.99) | (-6.08,10.18) | (1.72,7.79) | (-3.47,66.31) | |
| % Admissions in Lowest Deprivation Decile | −1.74 | 4.96 | −1.44 | −2.76 | −7.82 | −0.35 | 3.87* | 28.84* |
| (-12.73,9.25) | (-9.84,19.75) | (-11.85,8.96) | (-5.99,0.46) | (-264.12,248.49) | (-8.64,7.95) | (0.82,6.93) | (2.65,55.03) | |
| Jan FE | −6.01 | 2.03 | −3.04 | 0.01 | −381.09* | −1.80 | 2.79 | 32.44* |
| (-17.52,5.49) | (-12.54,16.60) | (-12.69,6.62) | (-2.11,2.12) | (-666.23,-95.96) | (-11.12,7.52) | (-0.38,5.97) | (5.94,58.94) | |
| Feb FE | 0.94 | 6.99 | −1.74 | 1.15 | −181.44 | −5.95 | 4.59** | 31.76** |
| (-10.73,12.61) | (-7.71,21.68) | (-10.43,6.95) | (-1.71,4.00) | (-460.65,97.77) | (-14.99,3.09) | (1.20,7.99) | (8.36,55.15) | |
| Apr FE | −6.85 | 2.10 | −6.36 | 2.85* | −573.71*** | −8.23 | 0.82 | 25.84** |
| (-18.42,4.72) | (-14.65,18.85) | (-16.80,4.09) | (0.04,5.66) | (-838.09,-309.33) | (-16.60,0.15) | (-2.48,4.12) | (7.52,44.17) | |
| May FE | −10.90* | −5.06 | −4.30 | −1.57 | −578.41*** | −18.78*** | −2.72 | −1.20 |
| (-21.56,-0.24) | (-20.07,9.94) | (-14.42,5.82) | (-4.60,1.47) | (-785.38,-371.45) | (-25.45,-12.11) | (-5.79,0.34) | (-26.79,24.39) | |
| Jun FE | −0.07 | −0.06 | −0.04 | −8.81 | −0.29 | −0.04 | −2.42 | |
| (-0.71,0.58) | (-0.18,0.06) | (-0.16,0.09) | (-25.92,8.30) | (-0.85,0.28) | (-0.15,0.08) | (-8.81,3.96) | ||
| Jul FE | 0.53 | 0.29** | 0.13 | 37.96 | 1.25 | 0.38 | 3.97 | |
| (-0.44,1.51) | (0.09,0.49) | (-0.03,0.28) | (-9.36,85.28) | (-0.32,2.81) | (-0.06,0.83) | (-6.56,14.50) | ||
| Aug FE | −1.69*** | 0.39* | 0.41** | −11.21 | −0.39 | −0.26 | −2.34 | |
| (-2.43,-0.94) | (0.09,0.70) | (0.15,0.66) | (-45.33,22.91) | (-1.52,0.74) | (-0.58,0.06) | (-16.97,12.29) | ||
| Sept FE | −0.22 | −0.14* | 0.01 | 7.03 | 0.25 | −0.15 | −5.82* | |
| (-0.63,0.19) | (-0.28,-0.01) | (-0.05,0.07) | (-7.99,22.05) | (-0.25,0.75) | (-0.36,0.06) | (-11.08,-0.56) | ||
| Oct FE | −0.31 | −0.03 | 0.23* | 4.48 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 1.35 | |
| (-1.12,0.49) | (-0.18,0.12) | (0.03,0.42) | (-36.05,45.01) | (-1.19,1.48) | (-0.46,0.66) | (-7.01,9.70) | ||
| Nov FE | −0.75* | 0.17 | 0.21 | 6.28 | 0.21 | −0.22* | 4.79 | |
| (-1.48,-0.03) | (-0.06,0.41) | (-0.10,0.52) | (-30.17,42.74) | (-0.99,1.41) | (-0.42,-0.01) | (-12.63,22.22) | ||
| Dec FE | −0.15 | −0.14 | 0.05 | −7.80 | −0.19 | −0.08 | 1.05 | |
| (-0.80,0.49) | (-0.49,0.21) | (-0.16,0.27) | (-33.75,18.14) | (-1.03,0.65) | (-0.32,0.16) | (-9.07,11.16) | ||
| Constant | 1652.15 | −2056.34 | 1997.09* | −3027.33* | 1342900.03*** | 44,419.59*** | 2047.12 | 7990.80 |
| (-7,919, 11,223.) |
(-12,413.78,8,301.11) |
(380.68,3,613.51) |
(-5944.03,-110.63) |
(776,419,1909380.29) |
(25,733.37,63,105.80) |
(-3908.03,8,002.27) |
(-36,959.95,52,941.55) |
|
| N | 2019 | 2017 | 2017 | 1976 | 2017 | 2017 | 2017 | 2017 |
| R2 Adjusted | 0.0135 | 0.1666 | 0.1701 | 0.2324 | 0.3809 | 0.3745 | 0.0780 | 0.2688 |
| R2 Within | 0.0258 | 0.1799 | 0.1833 | 0.2449 | 0.3908 | 0.3844 | 0.0927 | 0.2804 |
| R2 Between |
0.1366 |
0.2197 |
0.0400 |
0.1891 |
0.1623 |
0.1696 |
0.0606 |
0.1266 |
| Joint Significance 1st Lockdown |
28.19 (−121,177) |
28.50 (−92,149) |
0.48 (−37,38) |
−33.47* (−64,-3) |
−9535.41*** (−14092,-4978) |
−306.64*** (−456,-157) |
16.93 (−22,56) |
5875.36*** (2217,9536) |
| Joint Significance Whole Period | 69.86 (−293,432) | 16.65 (−274,308) | 39.88 (−16,96) | −164.51*** (−231,-98) | −7088.58 (−17896,3719) | −220.75 (−576,134) | 87.41 (−9184) | 14313.62*** (7257,21,370) |
***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p<0.05%.
95% Confidence intervals in parenthesis. Clustered standard errors.Greyed rows represent the first English lockdown.Admissions model does not control for Case-Mix and it is included as reference. It is the same as in Table 2.