Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics by tertile of PAEE: UK Biobank (n = 90,096)
| PAEE | Whole sample | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | ||
| Sample size (% of total analysis sample) | 30,032 (33.3) | 30,032 (33.3) | 30,032 (33.3) | 90,096 (100.0) |
| PAEE range (kJ · kg−1 · day−1) | 2.8–36.1 | 36.1–45.4 | 45.4–129.2 | 2.8–129.2 |
| PAEE (kJ · kg−1 · day−1), mean (SD) | 29.9 (4.8) | 40.6 (2.6) | 54.1 (8.0) | 41.5 (11.4) |
| MVPA (h · day−1), mean (SD) | 0.7 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.9 (0.5) | 1.2 (0.6) |
| Diabetes incident events, n (%) | 1,111 (3.7) | 578 (1.9) | 329 (1.1) | 2,018 (2.2) |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 64.5 (7.5) | 62.3 (7.7) | 60.1 (7.7) | 62.3 (7.8) |
| Age-group, years | ||||
| <60 | 7,982 (26.6) | 11,252 (37.5) | 14,476 (48.2) | 33,710 (37.4) |
| 60–70 | 14,112 (47.0) | 13,566 (45.2) | 12,385 (41.2) | 40,063 (44.5) |
| >70 | 7,938 (26.4) | 5,214 (17.4) | 3,171 (10.6) | 16,323 (18.1) |
| Female sex | 15,333 (51.1) | 17,623 (58.7) | 18,478 (61.5) | 51,434 (57.1) |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| White | 29,310 (97.6) | 29,213 (97.3) | 28,990 (96.5) | 87,513 (97.1) |
| Asian excluding Chinese | 245 (0.8) | 253 (0.8) | 262 (0.9) | 760 (0.8) |
| Chinese | 43 (0.1) | 57 (0.2) | 97 (0.3) | 197 (0.2) |
| Black | 177 (0.6) | 219 (0.7) | 310 (1.0) | 706 (0.8) |
| Mixed | 136 (0.5) | 141 (0.5) | 189 (0.6) | 466 (0.5) |
| Any other ethnic group | 121 (0.4) | 149 (0.5) | 184 (0.6) | 454 (0.5) |
| Townsend index of deprivation, mean (SD) | −1.7 (2.9) | −1.8 (2.8) | −1.8 (2.8) | −1.8 (2.8) |
| Highest education level achieved | ||||
| No qualification | 2,953 (9.8) | 2,189 (7.3) | 1,983 (6.6) | 7,125 (7.9) |
| Any other qualification | 14,328 (47.7) | 14,364 (47.8) | 14,606 (48.6) | 43,298 (48.1) |
| Degree level or above | 12,751 (42.5) | 13,479 (44.9) | 13,443 (44.8) | 39,673 (44.0) |
| Employment status | ||||
| Unemployed | 14,427 (48.0) | 11,519 (38.4) | 9,376 (31.2) | 35,322 (39.2) |
| In paid employment | 15,605 (52.0) | 18,513 (61.6) | 20,656 (68.8) | 54,774 (60.8) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never | 16,463 (54.8) | 17,542 (58.4) | 17,905 (59.6) | 51,910 (57.6) |
| Previous | 11,164 (37.2) | 10,656 (35.5) | 10,431 (34.7) | 32,251 (35.8) |
| Current | 2,405 (8.0) | 1,834 (6.1) | 1,696 (5.6) | 5,935 (6.6) |
| Alcohol drinking status | ||||
| Never | 1,838 (6.1) | 1,558 (5.2) | 1,538 (5.1) | 4,934 (5.5) |
| Less than twice a week | 14,131 (47.1) | 13,413 (44.7) | 13,316 (44.3) | 40,860 (45.4) |
| At least three times a week | 14,063 (46.8) | 15,061 (50.1) | 15,178 (50.5) | 44,302 (49.2) |
| Sleep duration (h) | ||||
| <7 | 6,503 (21.7) | 6,478 (21.6) | 6,587 (21.9) | 19,568 (21.7) |
| 7–8 | 20,981 (69.9) | 21,732 (72.4) | 22,123 (73.7) | 64,836 (72.0) |
| >8 | 2,548 (8.5) | 1,822 (6.1) | 1,322 (4.4) | 5,692 (6.3) |
| Fruit and vegetable intake score, mean (SD) | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.7 (1.1) | 1.8 (1.2) | 1.7 (1.1) |
| Parental history of diabetes | ||||
| No | 25,088 (83.5) | 24,934 (83.0) | 24,938 (83.0) | 74,960 (83.2) |
| Yes | 4,944 (16.5) | 5,098 (17.0) | 5,094 (17.0) | 15,136 (16.8) |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 27.8 (4.8) | 26.5 (4.2) | 25.3 (3.8) | 26.5 (4.4) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 111 (0.4) | 150 (0.5) | 282 (0.9) | 543 (0.6) |
| Normal weight (18.5–25) | 8,677 (28.9) | 11,965 (39.8) | 15,332 (51.1) | 35,974 (39.9) |
| Overweight (25–30) | 13,217 (44.0) | 12,874 (42.9) | 11,175 (37.2) | 37,266 (41.4) |
| Obese (>30) | 8,027 (26.7) | 5,043 (16.8) | 3,243 (10.8) | 16,313 (18.1) |
| Prevalent CVD | ||||
| No | 21,144 (70.4) | 228,35 (76.0) | 24,240 (80.7) | 68,219 (75.7) |
| Yes | 8,647 (28.8) | 6,960 (23.2) | 5,598 (18.6) | 21,205 (23.5) |
| Prevalent cancer | ||||
| No | 25,695 (85.6) | 26,514 (88.3) | 27,203 (90.6) | 79,412 (88.1) |
| Yes | 4,334 (14.4) | 3,515 (11.7) | 2,829 (9.4) | 10,678 (11.9) |
| BMI genetic risk score tertile | ||||
| Lowest tertile | 9,386 (31.3) | 9,361 (31.2) | 9,334 (31.1) | 28,081 (31.2) |
| Middle tertile | 9,368 (31.2) | 9,319 (31.0) | 9,398 (31.3) | 28,085 (31.2) |
| Upper tertile | 9,430 (31.4) | 9,465 (31.5) | 9,190 (30.6) | 28,085 (31.2) |
| Insulin resistance risk score tertile | ||||
| Lowest tertile | 9,470 (31.5) | 9,277 (30.9) | 9,336 (31.1) | 28,083 (31.2) |
| Middle tertile | 9,457 (31.5) | 9,454 (31.5) | 9,173 (30.5) | 28,084 (31.2) |
| Upper tertile | 9,257 (30.8) | 9,414 (31.3) | 9,413 (31.3) | 28,084 (31.2) |
| T2D genetic risk score tertile | ||||
| Lowest tertile | 9,366 (31.2) | 9,394 (31.3) | 9,323 (31.0) | 28,083 (31.2) |
| Middle tertile | 9,434 (31.4) | 9,421 (31.4) | 9,229 (30.7) | 28,084 (31.2) |
| Upper tertile | 9,384 (31.2) | 9,330 (31.1) | 9,370 (31.2) | 28,084 (31.2) |
Data are n (%) unless otherwise indicated. Season of wear was modeled as two orthogonal spline variables; a visualization of these variables has been previously published in Strain et al. (12). Genetic risk scores were derived for those of White European ancestry only. A higher Townsend index score indicates greater deprivation.