Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population (n = 458)
| Maternal characteristics | N (%) |
|---|---|
| Maternal age at delivery (years)* | 28.1 (23.2–33.5) |
| Race and ethnicity | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 282 (61.6) |
| Hispanic | 106 (23.1) |
| Other | 70 (15.3) |
| Education | |
| High school and below | 307 (67.0) |
| College and above | 151 (33.0) |
| Smoking status during pregnancy | |
| Nonsmoker | 380 (83.0) |
| Smoker | 78 (17.0) |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 27.3 (6.9) |
| Prepregnancy obesity | |
| No | 339 (74.0) |
| Yes | 119 (26.0) |
| Diabetes during pregnancy | |
| Nondiabetic | 386 (84.3) |
| Gestational diabetes | 51(11.1) |
| Preexisting diabetes | 21 (4.6) |
| Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy | |
| No | 393 (85.8) |
| Yes | 65 (14.2) |
| Gestational weight gain | |
| Adequate | 129 (28.2) |
| Inadequate | 139 (30.3) |
| Excessive | 139 (30.4) |
| Missing data | 51 (11.1) |
| Maternal age at menarche (years)* | 13 (12–14) |
| Maternal age at menarche categories | |
| <12 years | 105 (22.9) |
| 12–13 years | 185 (40.4) |
| ≥14 years | 168 (36.7) |
| Child characteristics | N (%) |
|---|---|
| Fetal growth | |
| AGA | 353 (77.1) |
| SGA | 59 (12.9) |
| LGA | 46 (10.0) |
| Preterm birth | 136 (29.7) |
| Breastfeeding status | |
| Any | 347 (75.8) |
| None | 111 (24.2) |
| Timing of solid food introduction | |
| Early (1–3 months) | 43 (9.4) |
| Suggested (4–6 months) | 265 (57.9) |
| Delayed (>7 months) | 82 (17.9) |
| Missing data | 68 (14.8) |
| Rapid weight gain in the first year of life | |
| No | 148 (32.3) |
| Yes | 244 (53.3) |
| Missing data | 66 (14.4) |
| BMI z-score† | 0.9 (−3.4, 6.2) |
| OWO in childhood | 208 (45.4) |
| Hour of day at the study visit | |
| Before 9:00 a.m. | 17 (5.1) |
| 9.01–12:00 a.m. | 147 (43.9) |
| 12.01–2:00 p.m. | 63 (18.8) |
| 2:01–4:00 p.m. | 98 (29.2) |
| After 4:00 p.m. | 10 (3.0) |
| OWO trajectories (0–5 years) | |
| Stable normal weight | 71 (20.9) |
| Stable lean | 93 (27.3) |
| Early-onset OWO | 123 (36.2) |
| Late-onset OWO | 53 (15.6) |
| Age at menarche (years)† | 12.4 (9–15) |
| Attained menarche | 306 (66.8) |
Data are presented as mean (SD) or N (%). AGA, appropriate for gestational age; LGA, large for gestational age; SGA, small for gestational age.
*
Median (IQR).
†
Median (range).