Table 3.

Robotic suturing trials medians and Wilcoxon signed-rank test of the novices, intermediates and experts

Trials	Trial 1 median	Trial 6 median	Z value	Asymp. Sig. (2 tailed)
Total time (s)
Novice	164.3 s	96.62 s	− 2.535	0.011
Intermediate	102.9 s	88.80 s	− 2.539	0.011
Expert	105.6 s	72.39 s	− 3.103	0.002
Maximum force (N)
Novice	6.32 N	5.05 N	− 1.69	0.091
Intermediate	5.48 N	5.83 N	− 0.485	0.627
Expert	4.40 N	4.14 N	− 1.138	0.255
Mean non-zero force (N)
Novice	1.38 N	1.22 N	− 2.053	0.040
Intermediate	1.20 N	1.34 N	− 0.221	0.825
Expert	1.07 N	1.00 N	− 2.379	0.017
Maximum impulse (Ns)
Novice	27.01 Ns	15.09 Ns	− 2.415	0.016
Intermediate	19.44 Ns	16.75 Ns	− 1.232	0.218
Expert	14.74 Ns	10.45 Ns	− 2.379	0.017
Force volume (N3)
Novice	2.06 N3	1.63 N3	− 1.891	0.059
Intermediate	1.40 N3	1.88 N3	− 0.56	0.575
Expert	0.98 N3	0.66 N3	− 2.343	0.019

Bold indicate an outcome with a p <0.05 was regarded as statistically significant