| Variable |
Postpartum depression (PPD) |
χ2 |
P-value |
| No No. (%) |
Yes No. (%) |
| Do you have any stressful life events? |
| No |
139 (89.7) |
132 (66.3) |
26.45 |
<0.001 |
| Yes |
16 (10.3) |
67 (33.7) |
| Have you experienced intimate partner violence and lifetime history of physical and/or sexual abuse? |
| No |
150 (96.8) |
184 (92.5) |
3.03 |
0.081 |
| Yes |
5 (3.2) |
15 (7.5) |
| Is your last pregnancy unintended/unwanted pregnancy? |
| No |
128 (82.6) |
144 (72.4) |
5.11 |
0.024 |
| Yes |
27 (17.4) |
55 (27.6) |
| Did you have negative attitudes toward pregnancy? |
| No |
148 (95.5) |
152 (76.4) |
24.59 |
<0.001 |
| Yes |
7 (4.5) |
47 (23.6) |
| Did you have fear of childbirth? |
| No |
66 (42.6) |
39 (19.6) |
22.06 |
<0.001 |
| Yes |
89 (57.4) |
160 (80.4) |
| Do you have body image dissatisfaction? |
| No |
69 (61.9) |
83 (41.7) |
14.26 |
<0.001 |
| Yes |
59 (38.1) |
116 (58.3) |
| Do you have history of premenstrual syndrome or premenstrual dysphoric disorder? (symptoms: mood changes, headache, abdominal pain) |
| No |
72 (46.5) |
58 (29.1) |
11.23 |
0.001 |
| Yes |
83 (53.5) |
141 (70.9) |
| Do you have anxiety symptoms and disorders? |
| No |
131 (84.5) |
99 (49.7) |
46.27 |
<0.001 |
| Yes |
24 (15.5) |
100 (50.3) |
| Do you have sleep disturbance? |
| No |
108 (69.7) |
80 (40.2) |
30.4 |
<0.001 |
| Yes |
47 (30.3) |
119 (59.8) |
| Do you have breastfeeding difficulty? |
| No |
114 (73.5) |
109 (54.8) |
13.17 |
<0.001 |
| Yes |
41 (26.5) |
90 (45.2) |
| Do you have childcare stress (inconsolable infant crying, difficult infant temperament, or infant sleep disturbance)? |
| No |
115 (74.2) |
85 (42.7) |
35.13 |
<0.001 |
| Yes |
40 (25.8) |
114 (57.3) |
| Have you done any abdominal surgery? |
| No |
119 (76.8) |
147 (73.9) |
0.39 |
0.53 |
| Yes |
36 (23.2) |
52 (26.1) |
| Did you have miscarriages? |
| No |
109 (70.3) |
131 (65.8) |
0.8 |
0.369 |
| Yes |
46 (29.7) |
68 (34.2) |
| Do you have family history of postpartum depression? (1st degree relative) |
| No |
152 (98.1) |
175 (87.9) |
12.67 |
<0.001 |
| Yes |
3 (1.9) |
24 (12.1) |
| Do you have family history of any psychological disorder? (1st degree relative) |
| No |
145 (93.5) |
162 (81.4) |
11.15 |
0.001 |
| Yes |
10 (6.5) |
37 (18.6) |
