Table 2.
Characteristics of the studies included for TOM tests.
| Author | TOM test | Principal diagnosis (n) and comparison groups (n) | Demographic characteristics | Clinical scales | Main results | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GAD/SAD mean age +/− SD Sex (female %) | HC mean age +/− SD Sex (female %) | Years of education mean +/− SD (GAD-SAD) (HC) | Depression scale mean +/− SD (GAD-SAD) (HC) | Anxiety scale mean +/− SD (GAD-SAD) (HC) | ||||
| Tetik et al., 2022 | RMET | SAD (comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders) = 26 Comparison group: HC =26 | 27.68 +/−8.33 31% | 27.15 +/− 6.69 23% | SAD = 15.15 +/− 2.92 HC =15.83+/− 2.64 | Not reported | LSAS: SAD = 68.8 +/−20.35 HC = 23.7 +/−12 | Mean total scores in the RMET were significantly lower in patients than HC |
| Küçükparlak et al., 2021 | RMET | SAD = 47 Comparison group: HC = 50 | Range: 18–60 Mean and SD not reported 40% | Range: 18–60 Mean and SD not reported 48% | SAD = 11.12 +/−2.81 HC =9.56 +/−0.62 | BDI: SAD =16.28 ± 11.52 HC =6.76 ± 5.34 | LSAS: SAD =55.485 +/−11 HC =36.45 +/−6.63 | Mean total scores in the RMET were significantly lower in patients than HC |
| Maleki et al., 2020 | RMET FPT | SAD (non-comorbid) = 35 Comparison groups: SAD comorbid MDD = 37 HC = 35 | 27.49 +/−2.06 46% | 28.38 +/−3.41 49% | SAD = 14.36+/−1.70 HC = 16.21+/− 2.09 | BDI: SAD = 20.36 +/−5.11 HC = 8.11 +/−3.28 | BAI: SAD = 41.59 ± 6.13 HC = 7.62 ± 3.39 | Both SAD and MDD patients performed lower than controls in the RMET test. No differences between SAD and HC groups were found in the FPT |
| Hendriks et al., 2020 | FPT | SAD (comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders) = 39 Comparison group: HC = 39 | 34.1 SD not reported 62% | 21.6 SD not reported 54% | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | On the Faux-pas test, the clinical group showed superiority in accuracy over the control group |
| Zainal & Newman, 2019 | RMET MASC | GAD (comorbidities in all participants) = 69 Comparison group: HC = 102 | 18.85 +/− 1.11 91% | 19.04 + − 1.19 74% | Not reported | BDI: SAD = 22.25 +/−3.52 HC =34.10 +/−9.68 | PSWQ: SAD =75.32 +/−11.5 HC = 44.89 +/−12.9 | There were no significant differences between groups in the RMET or the MASC |
| Aydin et al., 2019 | RMET | GAD (comorbid MDD) = 37 Comparison groups: Panic disorder = 44 HC = 50 | 36.35 +/− 11.37 70% | 33.20 +/− 9.50 48% | GAD = 11.59 +/−4.46 HC = 12.20 +/− 3.95 | Not reported | MCQ-30: GAD =76.97 +/−12 HC =70.29 +/−14.3 | Patients with GAD significantly lower scores than HC in the RMET |
| Pepper et al., 2018 | RMET FPT | SAD = 64 Comparison groups: Autism = 53 Early psychosis = 51 HC = 31 | 21.75 +/−4.38 47% | 24.77 +/−6.08 39% | Not reported | DASS-21: SAD = 23.38 +/−11.22 HC =4.71+/−5.36 | Not reported | There were no differences between patients with SAD and HC in any measure |
| Washburn et al., 2016 | RMET MASC | SAD = 12 Comparison groups: SAD (comorbid MDD) =24 MDD = 40 HC = 43 | SAD = 19.83 +/−4.11 58% SAD (comorbid MDD) = 19.71 +/−2.81 75% | 18.74 +/−1.71 65% | Not reported | BDI-II: SAD = 16.92 +/−11.41 SAD (comorbid) = 19.71 +/− 11.19 HC = 7.35 +/−6.88 | SAASA: SAD = 113.13 +/−20.12 SAD (comorbid) = 111.92 +/−19.91 HC = 77.12 +/−18.49 | The non-comorbid SAD group was significantly less accurate at decoding mental states in the RMET than the MDD and HC. There were no significant differences between groups in the MASC task accuracy. |
| Buhlman et al., 2015 | MASC | SAD (comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders) = 35 Comparison groups: Body dysmorphic disorder = 35 Obsessive compulsive disorder = 35 HC = 35 | 32.20 +/−8.85 60% | 32.74 +/−10.98 49% | SAD = 16.14 +/−2.46 HC = 16.66 +/−1.85 | BDI-II: Not reported | LSAS: SAD = 76.50 +/−23.40 HC = 25.88 +/−15.18 | Participants with SAD showed significantly lower scores in the MASC than participants with body dysmorphic disorder, participants with obsessive–compulsive disorder, and HC. |
| Hezel & McNally 2014 | RMET MASC | SAD (comorbid MDD) = 40 Comparison group: HC = 40 | 26.5 +/− 11.9 68% | 20.1 +/−2.2 85% | Not reported | CESD: SAD = 20.70+/−13.8 HC = 6.35+/−6.63 | LSAS: SAD = 72.48+/−22.35 HC =26.03+/−16.37 | Participants with SAD had significantly lower scores in the RMET task. There were no significant differences in the MASC task accuracy |
RMET, Reading the Mind in the Eyes; FPT, Faux Pas test; MASC, Movie Assessment of Social Cognition; SAD: Social anxiety disorder; HC: Healthy controls; MDD = major depression disorder; GAD: Generalized anxiety disorder; BDI: Beck’s Depression Inventory; DASS-21: Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales; CESD: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; LSAS: The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale; BAI: Beck’s Anxiety Index; PSWQ: Penn State Worry Questionnaire; MCQ-30: Metacognition Questionnaire 30; SAASA: The Social Anxiety and Avoidance Scale for Adolescents.