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. 2023 May 19;14:1125874. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125874

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Copyright © 2023 Kumar and Stewart

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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B cells in TIME. B cells in the premalignant tissue are the first immune cells to send signals to innate immune cells. This causes chronic inflammation. Unresolved chronic inflammation is linked to several cancers, including lung, breast, and colorectal cancers. However, in established tumors, B cells serve as antitumor immune cells and support intratumoral immunotherapies and Th1 immune response. However, only mature B cells perform antitumor functions, and their maturation occurs in the TLS or TLOs. The nutrient-deprived TME or TIME does not support TLS maturation, and immature B cells and B_regs increase immunosuppressive TIME. See text for details.