Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for primary observed indicators
| Variable | n | % | M | s.d. | α | Min | Max | Observations (% present) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Internalizing | ||||||||
| Diagnoses | ||||||||
| Anxiety disorder | 329 | 17.9 | – | – | – | 0 | 1 | 1833 (100%) |
| Borderline PDa | 297 | 16.2 | 4.88 | 5.85 | – | 0 | 27 | 1793 (97.8%) |
| Depressive disorder | 242 | 13.2 | – | – | – | 0 | 1 | 1833 (100%) |
| Stress or trauma disorder | 174 | 9.5 | – | – | – | 0 | 1 | 1833 (100%) |
| Avoidant PD | 136 | 7.4 | 2.13 | 3.56 | – | 0 | 21 | 1793 (97.8%) |
| Eating disorder | 58 | 3.2 | – | – | – | 0 | 1 | 1833 (100%) |
| OCD or related disorder | 47 | 2.6 | – | – | – | 0 | 1 | 1833 (100%) |
| Dependent PD | 19 | 1.0 | 1.52 | 2.53 | – | 0 | 19 | 1793 (97.8%) |
| Self-report | ||||||||
| BDI-II | – | – | 9.74 | 11.71 | .96 | 0 | 59 | 1450 (79.1%) |
| BAI | – | – | 6.38 | 7.64 | .90 | 0 | 56 | 1182 (64.5%) |
| CTQ-SF | – | – | 43.22 | 16.70 | .87 | 25 | 113 | 1023 (55.8%) |
| Externalizing | ||||||||
| Diagnoses | ||||||||
| Intermittent explosive disorder | 565 | 30.8 | – | – | – | 0 | 1 | 1833 (100%) |
| Alcohol use disorder | 388 | 21.2 | – | – | – | 0 | 1 | 1833 (100%) |
| Obsessive-compulsive PD | 193 | 10.5 | 4.35 | 3.64 | – | 0 | 20 | 1793 (97.8%) |
| Cannabis use disorder | 170 | 9.3 | – | – | – | 0 | 1 | 1833 (100%) |
| Antisocial PD | 136 | 7.4 | 2.14 | 3.33 | – | 0 | 19 | 1793 (97.8%) |
| Narcissistic PD | 120 | 6.5 | 3.14 | 4.08 | – | 0 | 24 | 1793 (97.8%) |
| Stimulant use disorder | 77 | 4.2 | – | – | – | 0 | 1 | 1833 (100%) |
| ADHD | 65 | 3.5 | – | – | – | 0 | 1 | 1832 (99.9%) |
| Conduct disorder | 45 | 2.5 | – | – | – | 0 | 1 | 1832 (99.9%) |
| Histrionic PD | 33 | 1.8 | 2.21 | 2.89 | – | 0 | 20 | 1793 (97.8%) |
| Opioid use disorder | 27 | 1.5 | – | – | – | 0 | 1 | 1833 (100%) |
| Oppositional defiant disorder | 17 | .9 | – | – | – | 0 | 1 | 1832 (99.9%) |
| Impulse-control disorder | 17 | .9 | – | – | – | 0 | 1 | 1833 (100%) |
| Self-report | ||||||||
| STAXI Trait Anger | – | – | 17.27 | 9.37 | .94 | 0 | 40 | 572 (31.2%) |
| WRS | – | – | 10.47 | 9.58 | .93 | 0 | 54 | 860 (46.9%) |
| Thought disorder | ||||||||
| Diagnoses | ||||||||
| Paranoid PD | 132 | 7.2 | 2.85 | 3.41 | – | 0 | 17 | 1793 (97.8%) |
| Bipolar disorder | 12 | .7 | – | – | – | 0 | 1 | 1832 (99.9%) |
| Schizotypal PD | 10 | .5 | 1.21 | 2.06 | – | 0 | 19 | 1793 (97.8%) |
| Schizoid PD | 6 | .3 | .76 | 1.55 | – | 0 | 14 | 1793 (97.8%) |
| Self-report | ||||||||
| GBI-Biphasic Subscale | – | – | 15.15 | 14.12 | .95 | 0 | 75 | 650 (35.5%) |
| GPTS-A | – | – | 23.50 | 10.40 | .93 | 16 | 58 | 141 (7.7%) |
| GPTS-B | – | – | 22.27 | 10.83 | .95 | 16 | 60 | 141 (7.7%) |
| Other psychopathology | ||||||||
| Somatoform disorder | 16 | .9 | – | – | – | 0 | 1 | 1833 (100%) |
| Indicators of theories of p | ||||||||
| Neuroticism/dispositional negative emotionality | ||||||||
| NEO-FFI Self-Reproach | – | – | 8.17 | 6.61 | .89 | 0 | 27 | 422 (23.0%) |
| NEO-FFI Negative Affect | – | – | 10.89 | 4.93 | .75 | 0 | 20 | 422 (23.0%) |
| EPQ-Neuroticism | – | – | 10.27 | 6.95 | .89 | 0 | 24 | 835 (45.6%) |
| Impulsive responsivity to emotions | ||||||||
| UPPS-Negative Urgency | – | – | 1.91 | .71 | .94 | 1 | 3.75 | 104 (5.7%) |
| UPPS-Premeditation | – | – | 1.89 | .46 | .84 | 1 | 2.73 | 104 (5.7%) |
| UPPS-Perseverance | – | – | 2.03 | .63 | .73 | 1 | 3.00 | 104 (5.7%) |
| UPPS-Sensation Seeking | – | – | 2.54 | .68 | .88 | 1 | 4.00 | 104 (5.7%) |
| UPPS-Positive Urgency | – | – | 1.81 | .70 | .96 | 1 | 4.00 | 104 (5.7%) |
| BIS-11 | – | – | 63.15 | 12.16 | .86 | 26 | 107 | 1240 (67.6%) |
| EPQ-Impulsivity | – | – | 37.44 | 9.26 | .89 | 19 | 70 | 824 (45.0%) |
| Cognitive functioning | ||||||||
| WASI-Verbal IQ (T score) | – | – | 54.08 | 10.08 | – | 20 | 78 | 862 (47.0%) |
| WASI-Performance IQ (T score) | – | – | 55.26 | 9.01 | – | 10 | 75 | 862 (47.0%) |
| Thought dysfunction | ||||||||
| EPQ-Psychoticism | – | – | 6.54 | 4.05 | .70 | 0 | 24 | 832 (45.4%) |
| Impairment | ||||||||
| GAF | – | – | 67.90 | 13.71 | – | 26 | 99 | 1833 (100%) |
α, Cronbach's alpha; Min, observed minimum score; Max, observed maximum score; OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder; PD, personality disorder; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory-II; BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; CTQ-SF, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-SF; STAXI, State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2; WRS, Wender Utah Rating Scale; GBI, General Behavior Inventory; GPTS, Green et al. Paranoid Thoughts Scale; NEO-FFI, NEO Five Factor Inventory; EPQ, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire; BIS, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; WASI, Wechsler Abbreviated Intelligence Scale; GAF, global assessment of functioning.
a
Borderline PD used as an indicator for internalizing and externalizing disorders.