Table 2.
Fully standardized loadings of indicators on three models of the p-factor
| One-factor | Bifactor, uncorrelated lower-order factors | Bifactor, correlated lower-order factors | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p | p | Int | Ext | TD | p | Int | Ext | TD | |
| Indicator | λ (s.e.) | λ (s.e.) | λ (s.e.) | λ (s.e.) | λ (s.e.) | λ (s.e.) | λ (s.e.) | λ (s.e.) | λ (s.e.) |
| Borderline PD | .87 (.01) | .84 (.01) | .15 (.03) | .15 (.03) | .84 (.01) | .18 (.04) | .14 (.05) | ||
| Depression | .70 (.02) | .67 (.02) | .27 (.04) | .68 (.03) | .24 (.07) | ||||
| Trauma | .62 (.02) | .60 (.02) | .18 (.05) | .62 (.02) | .09 (.07) | ||||
| Anxiety | .65 (.02) | .60 (.02) | .36(.03) | .61 (.03) | .28 (.06) | ||||
| Depression Dx | .66 (.02) | .59 (.03) | .43 (.05) | .61 (.04) | .33 (.08) | ||||
| Anxiety Dx | .56 (.03) | .49 (.03) | .48 (.05) | .51 (.04) | .35 (.06) | ||||
| Dependent PD | .55 (.02) | .51 (.02) | .29 (.04) | .51 (.03) | .35 (.04) | ||||
| Trauma/Stress Dx | .52 (.03) | .48 (.03) | .26 (.06) | .51 (.04) | .11 (.07) | ||||
| Eating Dx | .52 (.04) | .43 (.05) | .50 (.07) | .47 (.05) | .30 (.09) | ||||
| Avoidant PD | .55 (.02) | .50 (.02) | .39 (.04) | .47 (.04) | .65 (.07) | ||||
| OCD Dx | .50 (.05) | .44 (.05) | .35 (.08) | .47 (.05) | .19 (.08) | ||||
| ADHD | .71 (.02) | .72 (.02) | .02 (.04) | .73 (.02) | −.09 (.06) | ||||
| Anger | .66 (.02) | .64 (.03) | .31 (.05) | .67 (.03) | .25 (.07) | ||||
| Narcissistic PD | .63 (.02) | .62 (.02) | .17 (.04) | .64 (.02) | .13 (.07) | ||||
| Antisocial PD | .64 (.01) | .61 (.02) | .31 (.03) | .63 (.03) | .28 (.06) | ||||
| Intermittent Explosive Dx | .63 (.02) | .58 (.03) | .47 (.04) | .61 (.04) | .42 (.06) | ||||
| Histrionic PD | .59 (.02) | .59 (.02) | .11 (.04) | .60 (.02) | .06 (.06) | ||||
| Obsessive-Compulsive PD | .55 (.02) | .55 (.02) | .06 (.04) | .56 (.02) | −.01 (.07) | ||||
| ADHD Dx | .45 (.04) | .44 (.05) | .12 (.07) | .45 (.05) | .05 (.07) | ||||
| Impulse Control Dx | .44 (.07) | .45 (.08) | <.01 (.08) | .45 (.08) | −.03 (.09) | ||||
| Oppositional Defiant Dx | .45 (.06) | .43 (.07) | .20 (.12) | .45 (.07) | .20 (.12) | ||||
| Conduct Dx | .40 (.05) | .36 (.06) | .36 (.07) | .38 (.06) | .37 (.08) | ||||
| Stimulant Use Dx | .42 (.04) | .27 (.05) | .83 (.04) | .32 (.07) | .80 (.05) | ||||
| Opioid Use Dx | .37 (.06) | .27 (.06) | .56 (.06) | .31 (.07) | .52 (.07) | ||||
| Cannabis Use Dx | .38 (.04) | .26 (.04) | .73 (.04) | .31 (.06) | .70 (.05) | ||||
| Alcohol Use Dx | .34 (.03) | .24 (.04) | .69 (.04) | .29 (.06) | .66 (.04) | ||||
| Mania | .78 (.01) | .83 (.02) | −.16 (.05) | .81 (.02) | −.03 (.07) | ||||
| Paranoid PD | .79 (.01) | .80 (.01) | .19 (.02) | .77 (.02) | .24 (.04) | ||||
| Ideas of Persecution | .69 (.04) | .74 (.04) | −.14 (.10) | .72 (.05) | −.01 (.15) | ||||
| Ideas of Reference | .64 (.05) | .68 (.05) | −.13 (.10) | .65 (.06) | .04 (.20) | ||||
| Schizotypal PD | .60 (.02) | .63 (.01) | .66 (.12) | .57 (.02) | .52 (.12) | ||||
| Schizoid PD | .35 (.02) | .34 (.02) | .38 (.07) | .28 (.03) | .60 (.15) | ||||
| Bipolar Dx | .22 (.08) | .23 (.08) | .06 (.10) | .25 (.09) | −.12 (.18) | ||||
| Somatoform Dx | .44 (.06) | .45 (.06) | .45 (.06) | ||||||
Int, internalizing; Ext, externalizing; TD, thought disorder; PD, personality disorder; Depression, Beck Depression Inventory-II; Trauma, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form; Anxiety, Beck Anxiety Inventory; Dx, disorder; OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder; ADHD, Wender Utah Rating Scale; Anger, State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2; Mania, General Behavior Inventory–Biphasic subscale; Ideas of Persecution, Green et al. Paranoid Thoughts Scale-Form B; Ideas of Reference, Green et al. Paranoid Thoughts Scale-Form A.
Note. All loadings significant, ps < .05, except for those in italics. Indicators ordered largest to smallest by their loading on p in the bifactor, correlated lower-order factors model.