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. 2023 Jun 1;19(6):1089–1101. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.10508

Table 2.

Demographic characteristics of the “Nenne-meet” and “Nenne-not-meet” groups.

Variable Nenne-meet (n = 752) Nenne-not-meet (n = 1,372) P Effect Size
Age, mo 24.0 ± 3.8 24.3 ± 3.8 < .05a .05c
Sex, n (%)
 Male 402 (53.5%) 673 (49.1%) .052b .04d
 Female 350 (46.5%) 699 (50.9%)
Attending nursery school, n (%)
 ≥ 3 days per week 202 (26.9%) 517 (37.7%) < .001b .11d
 < 3 days per week 550 (73.1%) 855 (62.3%)
Number of siblings 1.3 ± 0.5 1.4 ± 0.7 < .005a .10c
Number of children with older siblings 369 653 .515b −.01d
Mother’s age, y 33.6 ± 4.4 34.2 ± 4.8 < .01a .07c
Father’s age, y 36.1 ± 5.6 36.6 ± 6.0 < .05a .05c
Mother’s educational level, n (%)
 Junior high school 12 (1.6%) 31 (2.4%) < .05b .071d
 High school 145 (19.8%) 302 (22.9%)
 Professional training college/junior college 248 (33.9%) 489 (37.1%)
 University graduate/completed graduate school 326 (44.6%) 495 (37.6%)
Father’s educational level, n (%)
 Junior high school 17 (2.4%) 47 (3.6%) .092b .057d
 High school 164 (23.1%) 343 (26.5%)
 Professional training college/junior college 113 (15.9%) 210 (16.2%)
 University graduate/completed graduate school 416 (58.6%) 693 (53.6%)
Parent’s employment status, n (%)
 Working mother 264 (35.8%) 586 (43.9%) < .001b −.08d
 Stay-at-home mother 473 (64.2%) 750 (56.1%)
 Working father 717 (99.3%) 1315 (99.8%) .108b −.04d
 Stay-at-home father 5 (0.7%) 3 (0.2%)
Annual income (including taxes), n (%)
 ≤ $19,999 17 (2.7%) 32 (2.8%) .908b .030d
 $20,000–$39,999 159 (25.2%) 265 (23.4%)
 $40,000–$59,999 235 (37.3%) 428 (37.7%)
 $60,000–$79,999 123 (19.5%) 244 (21.5%)
 $80,000–$99,999 53 (8.4%) 90 (7.9%)
 ≥ $100,000 43 (6.8%) 75 (6.6%)
Single mother, n 19 41 .539b .01d

Values are presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated. Mother’s age: Nenne-meet, n = 748; Nenne-not-meet, n = 1,357. Father’s age: Nenne-meet, n = 720; Nenne-not-meet, n = 1,314. Mother’s educational level: Nenne-meet, n = 731; Nenne-not-meet, n = 1,317. Father’s educational level: Nenne-meet, n = 710; Nenne-not-meet, n = 1,293. Mother’s employment status: Nenne-meet, n = 737; Nenne-not-meet, n = 1,336. Father’s employment status: Nenne-meet, n = 722; Nenne-not-meet, n = 1,318. Annual income: Nenne-meet, n = 630; Nenne-not-meet, n = 1,134. a t test. b chi-square test. c r. d φ. SD = standard deviation.