Table 2.
Demographic characteristics of the “Nenne-meet” and “Nenne-not-meet” groups.
| Variable | Nenne-meet (n = 752) | Nenne-not-meet (n = 1,372) | P | Effect Size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mo | 24.0 ± 3.8 | 24.3 ± 3.8 | < .05a | .05c |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 402 (53.5%) | 673 (49.1%) | .052b | .04d |
| Female | 350 (46.5%) | 699 (50.9%) | ||
| Attending nursery school, n (%) | ||||
| ≥ 3 days per week | 202 (26.9%) | 517 (37.7%) | < .001b | .11d |
| < 3 days per week | 550 (73.1%) | 855 (62.3%) | ||
| Number of siblings | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.7 | < .005a | .10c |
| Number of children with older siblings | 369 | 653 | .515b | −.01d |
| Mother’s age, y | 33.6 ± 4.4 | 34.2 ± 4.8 | < .01a | .07c |
| Father’s age, y | 36.1 ± 5.6 | 36.6 ± 6.0 | < .05a | .05c |
| Mother’s educational level, n (%) | ||||
| Junior high school | 12 (1.6%) | 31 (2.4%) | < .05b | .071d |
| High school | 145 (19.8%) | 302 (22.9%) | ||
| Professional training college/junior college | 248 (33.9%) | 489 (37.1%) | ||
| University graduate/completed graduate school | 326 (44.6%) | 495 (37.6%) | ||
| Father’s educational level, n (%) | ||||
| Junior high school | 17 (2.4%) | 47 (3.6%) | .092b | .057d |
| High school | 164 (23.1%) | 343 (26.5%) | ||
| Professional training college/junior college | 113 (15.9%) | 210 (16.2%) | ||
| University graduate/completed graduate school | 416 (58.6%) | 693 (53.6%) | ||
| Parent’s employment status, n (%) | ||||
| Working mother | 264 (35.8%) | 586 (43.9%) | < .001b | −.08d |
| Stay-at-home mother | 473 (64.2%) | 750 (56.1%) | ||
| Working father | 717 (99.3%) | 1315 (99.8%) | .108b | −.04d |
| Stay-at-home father | 5 (0.7%) | 3 (0.2%) | ||
| Annual income (including taxes), n (%) | ||||
| ≤ $19,999 | 17 (2.7%) | 32 (2.8%) | .908b | .030d |
| $20,000–$39,999 | 159 (25.2%) | 265 (23.4%) | ||
| $40,000–$59,999 | 235 (37.3%) | 428 (37.7%) | ||
| $60,000–$79,999 | 123 (19.5%) | 244 (21.5%) | ||
| $80,000–$99,999 | 53 (8.4%) | 90 (7.9%) | ||
| ≥ $100,000 | 43 (6.8%) | 75 (6.6%) | ||
| Single mother, n | 19 | 41 | .539b | .01d |
Values are presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated. Mother’s age: Nenne-meet, n = 748; Nenne-not-meet, n = 1,357. Father’s age: Nenne-meet, n = 720; Nenne-not-meet, n = 1,314. Mother’s educational level: Nenne-meet, n = 731; Nenne-not-meet, n = 1,317. Father’s educational level: Nenne-meet, n = 710; Nenne-not-meet, n = 1,293. Mother’s employment status: Nenne-meet, n = 737; Nenne-not-meet, n = 1,336. Father’s employment status: Nenne-meet, n = 722; Nenne-not-meet, n = 1,318. Annual income: Nenne-meet, n = 630; Nenne-not-meet, n = 1,134. a t test. b chi-square test. c r. d φ. SD = standard deviation.