Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of FES, BD, MDD and HC.
| FES M (SD) (n = 54) | BD M (SD) (n = 52) | MDD M (SD) (n = 35) | HC M (SD) (n = 54) | ANOVA/ANCOVA | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F/t/x2 | df | P, two-tail | Post hoc test | |||||
| Age (Years) | 22.02 (7.25) | 28.92 (11.45) | 30.26 (10.26) | 27.94 (9.55) | 6.95 | 3, 194 | <0.001 | FES < BD, MDD, HC |
| Education (years) | 11.43 (2.98) | 13.08 (3.23) | 12.49 (4.15) | 15.08 (3.59) | 10.49 | 3, 194 | <0.001 | FES, BD, MDD < HC |
| BMI | 20.67 (3.22) | 23.39 (4.07) | 21.10 (2.95) | 20.95 (4.30) | 5.82 | 3, 194 | <0.001 | BD > FES, MDD, HC |
| Gender (male /female) | 26(M)/28(F) | 21 (M)/31 (F) | 15 (M)/20 (F) | 23 (M)/31 (F) | 0.70 | 3, 195 | 0.87 | – |
| Smoking (yes/no) | 7(yes)/34 (no) | 8 (yes)/38(no) | 7 (yes)/28 (no) | 6 (yes)/45 (no) | 1.73 | 3, 173 | 0.76 | – |
| Cognitive function (age, gender, education, BMI as covariates) | ||||||||
| VIQ | 96.47 (14.70) | 107.10 (15.94) | 105.10 (17.37) | 112.48 (13.45) | 7.63 | 3,166 | <0.001 | FES < BD, MDD, HC- |
| PIQ | 84.13 (18.77) | 95.35 (17.49) | 100.72 (17.53) | 108.35 (13.05) | 10.52 | 3, 166 | <0.001 | FES < BD, MDD, HC |
| WAIS IQ | 92.42 (14.93) | 103.75 (16.40) | 103.41 (17.50) | 111.65 (13.34) | 12.17 | 3, 166 | <0.001 | FES < BD, MDD, HC |
| Logical memory immediately | 7.13 (4.62) | 7.36 (4.56) | 8.81 (5.06) | 10.81 (4.24) | 4.42 | 3, 178 | <0.01 | FES, BD < HC |
| Logical memory delayed | 5.62 (3.90) | 5.61 (3.93) | 7.00 (4.42) | 8.60 (4.34) | 3.57 | 3, 175 | <0.05 | BD < HC |
| TMT-A-Time | 40.35 (15.05) | 44.32 (22.47) | 34.68 (15.28) | 37.18 (14.56) | 2.84 | 3, 178 | <0.05 | – |
| TMT-B-Time | 71.06 (32.03) | 72.34 (39.29) | 61.83 (45.68) | 56.00 (25.32) | 3.01 | 3, 178 | <0.05 | – |
| DSST | 41.91 (14.39) | 49.94 (18.04) | 49.26 (18.69) | 59.88 (19.80) | 6.84 | 3, 175 | <0.001 | FES < BD, MDD, HC |
| SOC-MM5M | 6.45 (3.14) | 7.09 (2.63) | 6.64 (2.33) | 5.72 (2.12) | 1.46 | 3, 170 | 0.23 | – |
| Plasma Neuropeptide (age, gender, BMI as covariates) | ||||||||
| Log10 α-MSH | 1.95 (0.22) | 1.95 (0.30) | 1.90 (0.25) | 2.20 (0.24) | 13.12 | 3, 177 | <0.001 | FES, BD, MDD < HC |
| Log10 β-Endorphin | 2.63 (0.18) | 2.58 (0.26) | 2.62 (0.22) | 2.69 (0.16) | 3.02 | 3, 192 | <0.05 | BD < HC |
| Log10 Neurotensin | 2.24 (0.14) | 2.26 (0.17) | 2.21 (0.13) | 2.42 (0.12) | 20.67 | 3, 192 | <0.001 | FES, BD, MDD < HC |
| Log10 Orexin A | 2.78 (0.10) | 2.81 (0.13) | 2.78 (0.092) | 2.88 (0.11) | 7.68 | 3, 192 | <0.001 | FES, BD, MDD < HC |
| Log10 Oxytocin | 2.28 (0.18) | 2.37 (0.22) | 2.24 (0.18) | 2.49 (0.16) | 15.19 | 3, 183 | <0.001 | FES, BD, MDD < HC |
| Log10 Substance P | 1.51 (0.23) | 1.56 (0.27) | 1.46 (0.22) | 1.75 (0.20) | 14.39 | 3, 189 | <0.001 | FES, BD, MDD < HC |
| Clinical parameters | ||||||||
| HAMD total score | 7.03 (5.12) | 10.70 (8.03) | 21.81 (5.50) | – | 45.56 | 2, 112 | <0.001 | FES < BD < MDD |
| YMRS total score | 5.00 (6.01) | 10.07 (11.31) | – | – | −2.25 | 74 | 0.027 | FES < BD |
| PANSS | 86.24 (18.99) | 54.09 (20.71) | – | – | 7.64 | 87 | <0.001 | FES > BD |
| BPRS | 46.70 (9.78) | 32.30 (11.76) | – | – | 2.39 | 87 | <0.001 | FES > BD |
| GAF | 45.77 (12.80) | 54.11 (13.63) | 53.10 (10.05) | – | 5.89 | 2, 122 | <0.01 | FES < BD, MD |
| Age first episode (years) | 21.17 (7.44) | 24.04 (10.03) | 27.21 (11.20) | – | 3.68 | 2, 120 | <0.05 | FES < MDD |
| Duration of illness (months) | 12.79 (21.40) | 65.45 (64.07) | 39.21 (55.80) | – | 11.03 | 2, 116 | <0.001 | FES < BD |
| Depressive episode | – | 2.22 (1.48) | 1.77 (1.07) | – | 1.43 | 69 | 0.16 | – |
| Manic/hypomanic episode | – | 1.98 (1.64) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Antidepressants (Yes/No) | – | 24/28 | 18/16 | – | 0.38 | 1, 86 | 0.54 | – |
| Mood stabilizers (Yes/No) | – | 32/20 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Antipsychotics (Yes/No) | – | 30/22 | 3/32 | 21.40 | 1, 87 | <0.001 | BD > MDD | |
FES, first episode schizophrenia; BD, bipolar disorder; MDD, major depressive disorder; HC, healthy controls; M, mean value; WAIS, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Vocabulary Score (37 items); IQ, intelligence quotient; VIQ, verbal intelligence quotient; PIQ, performance intelligence quotient; TMT-A, Trail Making Test Parts A; TMT-B, Trail Making Test Parts B; DSST, digit symbol substitution test; SOC-MM5M, stockings of Cambridge, minimum move of 5 movement problems; MSH, melatonin stimulating hormone; HAMD, Hamilton depression rating scale (17 items); YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale (11 items); PANSS, The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; BPRS, The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning; n, number; SD, standard variance; M, male; F, female. For the comparison of neuropeptides, age, gender, and BMI were co-variated out. Significance level: p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001. Bold represents statistically significant results (p < 0.05).