Table 1.

Amino acids and organic acids in sera and skeletal muscle, and short‐chain fatty acids in sera and faeces

Amino acids	Sera (μmol/L)			Skeletal muscle (μmol/mg)
	Milk−	Milk+	P‐value	Milk−	Milk+	P‐value
Alanine	176.8 (58.9)	110.5 (50.5)	0.139	3.2 (1.0)	2.2 (0.4)	0.057
Valine	114.4 (92.2)	1003.7 (434.2)	0.002	0.0 (0.0)	0.9 (0.7)	0.038
Leucine	168.5 (25.5)	594.6 (162.4)	0.001	0.2 (0.0)	0.5 (0.1)	0.001
Isoleucine	333.8 (13.1)	363.2 (22.2)	0.046	2.3 (0.2)	2.8 (0.2)	0.027
Glycine	67.6 (7.8)	83.4 (9.6)	0.027	0.5 (0.1)	1.5 (0.4)	0.003
Serine	30.5 (20.3)	64.7 (10.9)	0.008	0.2 (0.1)	0.5 (0.1)	0.026
Threonine	55.6 (17.2)	116.1 (15.1)	0.012	0.3 (0.0)	0.4 (0.1)	0.111
Aspartic acid	31.4 (5.9)	31.0 (7.5)	0.933	0.5 (0.0)	0.6 (0.1)	0.010
Methionine	363.3 (12.5)	424.8 (11.0)	0.011	3.3 (0.1)	4.7 (0.6)	0.045
Phenylalanine	6.5 (15.1)	53.0 (12.9)	0.001	2.1 (0.6)	3.6 (1.0)	0.025
Lysine	48.2 (22.5)	96.6 (16.5)	0.017	0.3 (0.0)	0.4 (0.0)	0.015

Organic acids	Sera (μmol/L)			Skeletal muscle (μmol/mg)
	Milk−	Milk+	P‐value	Milk−	Milk+	P‐value
Oxalic acid	391.3 (44.5)	454.9 (65.6)	0.092	2.6 (0.2)	2.7 (0.3)	0.503
Malonic acid	23.7 (19.7)	21.2 (8.3)	0.749	0.2 (0.2)	0.2 (0.2)	0.956
Succinic acid	57.2 (7.4)	46.7 (8.2)	0.013	0.2 (0.0)	0.3 (0.1)	0.010
Citric acid	93.5 (4.3)	103.1 (6.2)	0.034	0.1 (0.0)	0.3 (0.1)	0.004

Short‐chain fatty acids	Sera (μmol/L)			Faeces (μmol/mg)
	Milk−	Milk+	P‐value	Milk−	Milk+	P‐value
Acetic acid	279.0 (42.8)	307.2 (59.8)	0.369	5.6 (1.2)	8.2 (2.2)	0.029
Propanoic acid	4.8 (0.5)	213.6 (25.7)	<0.001	14.2 (1.4)	18.9 (3.2)	0.009
Butanoic acid	65.4 (5.0)	109.6 (19.0)	0.037	14.6 (0.3)	41.2 (9.9)	<0.001

Note: Data are expressed as mean (SD). Student's paired t‐test was conducted between the two groups.