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. 2023 Mar 2;14(3):1150–1167. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.13073

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© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society on Sarcopenia, Cachexia and Wasting Disorders.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Comparative analysis of the regulation of myostatin/activin A signalling in cachectic skeletal muscle of cancer patients and in animal models of cancer cachexia. Myostatin and activin A bind to activin Type II receptors (ActRIIB/IIA) that activate Type I receptors (ALK4/5/7), which phosphorylate and induce SMAD2/3 to form a complex with SMAD4 and translocate into the nucleus. Myostatin and activin A binding is modulated by the inhibitory action of follistatin. Significant variations are reported in red (increase) or blue (decrease). Unchanged levels are reported in white.