Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population.
|
All patients with FLAIR (N = 222) |
P value |
All patients with T2-MRI (N = 105) |
P value |
Patients with FLAIR and T2 (N = 95) |
P value | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
No CAA N = 40 |
Mild CAA N = 61 |
Moderate CAA N = 74 |
Severe CAA N = 47 |
No CAA N = 24 |
Mild CAA N-24 |
Moderate CAA N = 33 |
Severe CAA N = 24 |
No CAA N = 22 |
Mild CAA N-22 |
Moderate CAA N = 30 |
Severe CAA N = 21 |
||||
| Demographics | |||||||||||||||
| Age at latest MRI, years, mean (SD) | 81 (9) | 77 (9) | 77 (9) | 75 (9) | 0.007* | 79 (9) | 75 (10) | 76 (10) | 76 (8) | 0.34 | 78 (9) | 75 (10) | 77 (10) | 76 (8) | 0.67 |
| Age at last clinic visit, years, mean (SD) | 83 (9) | 79 (9) | 79 (9) | 76 (10) | 0.002* | 82 (8) | 78 (11) | 79 (10) | 78 (7) | 0.19 | 81 (8) | 78 (11) | 79 (10) | 78 (7) | 0.47 |
| Age at death, years, mean (SD) | 86 (9) | 82 (9) | 83 (9) | 80 (10) | 0.006* | 84 (9) | 81 (11) | 82 (10) | 80 (7) | 0.21 | 84 (9) | 81 (11) | 83 (10) | 80 (7) | 0.41 |
| Time from MRI to death, years, mean (SD) | 5 (3) | 5 (2) | 6 (3) | 5 (3) | 0.64 | 5 (2) | 6 (3) | 6 (2) | 4 (3) | 0.28 | 5 (2) | 5 (3) | 6 (2) | 4 (3) | 0.10 |
| Female, n (%) | 18 (45) | 28 (46) | 35 (47) | 18 (38) | 0.80 | 6 (25) | 8 (33) | 17 (52) | 6 (25) | 0.11 | 6 (27) | 8 (36) | 14 (47) | 5 (24) | 0.31 |
| Race, n (%) | |||||||||||||||
| White | 38 (95) | 56 (92) | 71 (96) | 44 (94) | 0.79 | 24 (100) | 23 (96) | 33 (100) | 24 (100) | 0.33 | 22 (100) | 21 (95) | 30 (100) | 21 (100) | 0.34 |
| Black | 1 (2) | 3 (5) | 2 (3) | 3 (6) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |||
| Asian | 1 (2) | 2 (3) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |||
| Hispanic, n (%) | 5 (13) | 0 (0) | 5 (7) | 3 (6) | 0.07 | 4 (17) | 0 (0) | 2 (6) | 2 (8) | 0.18 | 4 (18) | 0 (0) | 2 (7) | 2 (10) | 0.18 |
| Education > 12 years, n (%) | 28 (70) | 41 (70) | 60 (81) | 36 (77) | 0.39 | 20 (83) | 15 (63) | 30 (91) | 21 (88) | 0.04* | 18 (82) | 14 (64) | 27 (90) | 18 (86) | 0.10 |
| Medical history, n (%) | |||||||||||||||
| Hypertension | 25 (63) | 42 (69) | 45 (61) | 22 (47) | 0.14 | 14 (58) | 15 (63) | 17 (52) | 10 (42) | 0.49 | 14 (64) | 15 (68) | 15 (50) | 7 (33) | 0.09 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 7 (18) | 6 (10) | 7 (9) | 1 (2) | 0.11 | 3 (13) | 1 (4) | 3 (9) | 1 (4) | 0.63 | 3 (14) | 1 (5) | 3 (10) | 1 (5) | 0.64 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 26 (65) | 37 (61) | 45 (61) | 31 (66) | 0.91 | 19 (79) | 11 (46) | 20 (61) | 17 (71) | 0.09 | 18 (82) | 11 (50) | 19 (63) | 14 (67) | 0.17 |
| Smoked > 100 cigarettes in life | 18 (45) | 27 (44) | 34 (46) | 25 (53) | 0.80 | 11 (46) | 11 (46) | 13 (39) | 12 (50) | 0.88 | 10 (45) | 11 (50) | 12 (40) | 12 (57) | 0.67 |
| Heart attack / cardiac arrest | 2 (5) | 5 (8) | 11 (15) | 3 (6) | 0.25 | 2 (8) | 1 (4) | 5 (15) | 1 (4) | 0.39 | 2 (9) | 1 (5) | 5 (17) | 1 (5) | 0.39 |
| Stroke | 3 (8) | 7 (11) | 5 (7) | 2 (4) | 0.55 | 1 (4) | 1 (4) | 2 (6) | 0 (0) | 0.70 | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 2 (7) | 0 (0) | 0.71 |
| CDRsb score, mean ± SD | |||||||||||||||
| At baseline, 0 ± 1 year after MRI† | 5.6 (4.3) | 6.3 (4.3) | 6.1 (5.0) | 7.4 (5.4) | 0.03* | 6.3 (4.2) | 6.8 (4.3) | 6.9 (4.8) | 8.0 (5.3) | 0.08 | 6.9 (4.0) | 7.3 (4.2) | 6.9 (4.8) | 7.9 (5.1) | 0.46 |
| At follow-up, 2–4 years after MRI†† | 9.8 (5.1) | 9.9 (5.2) | 9.0 (5.3) | 9.1 (5.7) | 0.23 | 10 (5.1) | 9.7 (4.7) | 10.1 (5.0) | 9.5 (4.7) | 0.75 | 11.2 (4.7) | 10.7 (4.9) | 11.1 (4.8) | 10.2 (4.8) | 0.52 |
| Genetic data | |||||||||||||||
| ApoE Genotype, n (%) | |||||||||||||||
| ε3, ε3 | 26 (65) | 22 (36) | 12 (16) | 16 (34) | <0.0001* | 14 (58) | 9 (38) | 2 (6) | 9 (38) | 0.0006* | 14 (64) | 8 (36) | 2 (7) | 9 (43) | 0.0005* |
| ε3, ε4 | 11 (28) | 29 (48) | 32 (43) | 18 (38) | 7 (29) | 12 (50) | 13 (39) | 6 (25) | 6 (27) | 12 (55) | 12 (40) | 5 (24) | |||
| ε3, ε2 | 2 (5) | 1 (2) | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | 2 (8) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |||
| ε4, ε4 | 0 (0) | 3 (5) | 15 (20) | 12 (26) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 9 (27) | 8 (33) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 8 (27) | 6 (29) | |||
| ε4, ε2 | 0 (0) | 2 (3) | 6 (8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 4 (12) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (13) | 0 (0) | |||
| Missing | 1 (3) | 4 (7) | 7 (9) | 1 (2) | 1 (4) | 1 (4) | 4 (12) | 1 (4) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 4 (13) | 1 (5) | |||
| Number of ApoE ε4 alleles, n (%) | |||||||||||||||
| No copy of ε4 allele | 28 (70) | 23 (38) | 14 (19) | 16 (34) | <0.0001* | 16 (67) | 9 (38) | 3 (9) | 9 (38) | 0.0002* | 15 (68) | 8 (36) | 2 (7) | 9 (43) | 0.0004* |
| 1 copy of ε4 allele | 11 (28) | 31 (51) | 38 (51) | 18 (38) | 7 (29) | 13 (54) | 17 (52) | 6 (25) | 6 (27) | 12 (55) | 16 (53) | 5 (24) | |||
| 2 copies of ε4 allele | 0 (0) | 3 (5) | 15 (20) | 12 (26) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 9 (27) | 8 (33) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 8 (27) | 6 (29) | |||
| Missing | 1 (3) | 4 (7) | 7 (9) | 1 (2) | 1 (4) | 1 (4) | 4 (12) | 1 (4) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 4 (13) | 1 (5) | |||
| Neuropathological data | |||||||||||||||
| NIA-AA ADNC ABC score, n (%) | |||||||||||||||
| Low ADNC | 4 (10) | 2 (3) | 2 (3) | 1 (2) | 0.02* | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.057 | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.17 |
| Intermediate ADNC | 11 (28) | 10 (16) | 11 (15) | 2 (4) | 9 (38) | 4 (17) | 6 (18) | 1 (4) | 7 (32) | 3 (14) | 6 (20) | 1 (5) | |||
| High ADNC | 25 (63) | 49 (80) | 61 (82) | 44 (94) | 15 (62) | 19 (79) | 27 (82) | 23 (96) | 15 (68) | 18 (82) | 24 (80) | 20 (95) | |||
| Infarcts and lacunes, n (%) | 4 (10) | 14 (24)‡ | 7 (9) | 5 (11)¶ | 0.07 | 2 (8) | 6 (25) | 3 (9) | 0 (0) | 0.04 | 2 (9) | 6 (27) | 3 (10) | 0 (0) | 0.04 |
| Microinfarcts, n (%) | 14 (35) | 19 (32)‡ | 12 (16) | 9 (20) ¶ | 0.06 | 6 (25) | 5 (21) | 6 (18) | 4 (17) | 0.89 | 6 (27) | 5 (23) | 5 (17) | 4 (19) | 0.81 |
| Hemorrhages and microbleeds, n (%) | 3 (8) | 5 (8) ‡ | 11 (15) | 8 (17) ¶ | 0.36 | 3 (13) | 0 (0) | 2 (6) | 3 (13) | 0.29 | 2 (9) | 0 (0) | 2 (7) | 2 (10) | 0.54 |
†n = 38, 58, 69 and 46 in FLAIR group; n = 22,23,29 and 22 in T2-MRI group; and n = 20, 21, 26 and 20 in FLAIR and T2 group for no, mild, moderate and severe CAA respectively for assessment of CDRsb scores.
††n = 33, 47, 54 and 31 in FLAIR group; n = 23,21, 31 and 18 in T2-MRI group; and n = 21, 19, 28 and 15 in FLAIR and T2 group for no, mild, moderate and severe CAA respectively for assessment of CDRsb scores.
‡n = 59 in mild CAA group and ¶n = 46 in severe CAA groups for assessment of neuropathology data.
*Indicates significant p values < 0.05.
ADNC = Alzheimer’s Disease Neuropathologic Change; NIA-AA = National Institute of Aging – Alzheimer’s Association; CDRsb = Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes; SD = Standard Deviation.