Table.
Overview of coagulation biomarkers associated with risk of stroke and outcome.
| Biomarker | References | Ischemic stroke risk in healthy population | Outcome after stroke | Outcome after tPA treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary hemostasis | ||||
| GPVI | [14,17] | -/↑ | -/↑ | - |
| β-TG | [[18], [19], [20], [21], [22]] | -/↑ | -/↑ | -/↑ |
| Von Willebrand factor | [6,9,24,26,27] | ↑ | -/↑ | ↑ |
| ADAMTS-13 | [7,[27], [28], [29]] | ↓ | -/↓ | -/↓ |
| Secondary hemostasis | ||||
| Factor VIII | [9,[30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35]] | ↑ | -/↑ | ↑ |
| Fibrinogen | [[43], [44], [45], [46], [47], [48]] | ↑ | -/↑ | - |
| Thrombin generation | [[37], [38], [39], [40]] | ↓↑ | - | ↓ |
| Fibrinolysis | ||||
| TPA | [[52], [53], [54]] | ↑ | -/↓ | - |
| PAI-1 | [[55], [56], [57], [58], [59], [60]] | ↑ | -/↑ | - |
| TAFI | [[61], [62], [63], [64]] | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
| D-dimer | [[66], [67], [68], [69], [70]] | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
| Inflammation | ||||
| C-reactive protein | [[71], [72], [73],[75], [76], [77], [78]] | ↑ | ↑ | ↓↑ |
| TNF-α | [79,80] | ↑ | ↑ | |
| Thrombus characteristics | ||||
| Mechanical, fibrin network | - | - | - | |
| NETs | [10,12,88,89] | - | ↑ | - |
β-TG, beta-thromboglobulin; ADAMTS-13, a disintegrin and metalloprotease with trompospondin motif repeats 13; eDNA, extracellular DNA; GPVI, glycoprotein VI; NET, neutrophil extracellular trap; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; TAFI, thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; TPA, tissue-type plasminogen activator.
↑ indicates an increase in biomarker; ↓ indicates a decrease in biomarker; and - indicates no changes in the levels of biomarker or insufficient data.